Nhà thuốc Lâm Thao

Phục vụ vì sức khỏe cộng đồng. If you want to choose advertising method on our websites. Pls contact us via nhathuoclamthao@gmail.com or (+84)904300810. We supply advertiser methods & promote to all our systems so that pls contact us to have the best results & the best price: 1,000,000.00 VND per month. (can reduce). Pls do not contact us if you do not have money to pay advertisers because our systems overdue. We share % money for who send customers+clients to us follow time.

Thứ Sáu, 21 tháng 4, 2023

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Home - COMPUTER BILD https://www.computerbild.de/ Deutschlands großes Technikportal mit Tests, News,

Home - COMPUTER BILD https://www.computerbild.de/ Deutschlands großes Technikportal mit Tests, News, Kaufberatung und Preisvergleich zu den Bereichen PC & Hardware, Software, Telekommunikation und mehr. de-de https://www.computerbild.de/ Home - COMPUTER BILD https://i.computer-bild.de/_static-assets/images/cb_logo_228.png Deutschlands großes Technikportal mit Tests, News, Kaufberatung und Preisvergleich zu den Bereichen PC & Hardware, Software, Telekommunikation und mehr. 228 103 https://i.computer-bild.de/_static-assets/images/cb_logo_228.png Copyright COMPUTER BILD Tue, 16 May 2023 09:59:00 GMT Geburtstagstarif von High: 20 GB im Telekom-Netz für nur 15 Euro High wird 5! 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Damit bietet der Messengerdienst eine neue Möglichkeit, um private Konversationen besser zu schützen. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-App-Check-Whatsapp-Chatsperre-sichert-Nachrichten-in-speziellem-Ordner-35791953.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-App-Check-Whatsapp-Chatsperre-sichert-Nachrichten-in-speziellem-Ordner-35791953.html Steffen Münch Meta Tue, 16 May 2023 09:06:00 GMT Dyson V15: Bei Media Markt dank Mailights reduziert Ein Akku-Staubsauger sorgt schnell und unkompliziert für saubere Böden. Der Dyson V15 Detect Absolute ist bei Media Markt dank der Aktion "Mailights" reduziert. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Akku-Staubsauger-Dyson-V15-Detect-Absolute-2022-Media-Markt-Mailights-Angebot-Sparpreis-35792589.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Akku-Staubsauger-Dyson-V15-Detect-Absolute-2022-Media-Markt-Mailights-Angebot-Sparpreis-35792589.html Marlene Gesch Media Markt, Saturn, Dyson Tue, 16 May 2023 09:00:00 GMT Yeedi Floor 3 Station: Test des Putzroboters mit Dock Saug- und Wischroboter samt Dock kosten nicht selten 1000 Euro und mehr. Bei Yeedi hingegen stimmt der Preis, aber auch die Putzleistung? Der Floor 3 Station im Test! https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-Tests-Smart-Home-Yeedi-Floor-3-Station-Test-des-Saug-Wisch-Roboters-mit-Dock-35792477.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-Tests-Smart-Home-Yeedi-Floor-3-Station-Test-des-Saug-Wisch-Roboters-mit-Dock-35792477.html Timo Schurwanz Yeedi, COMPUTERBILD Tue, 16 May 2023 08:46:00 GMT Media-Markt-Angebot: HP-Drucker für nur 119 Euro Drucken, scannen und kopieren – mit einem Multifunktionsdrucker ist das möglich. Media Markt hat den HP Envy Inspire 7924e jetzt für nur 119 Euro auf Lager. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Drucker-Multifunktionsgeraet-HP-Envy-Inspire-7924e-Media-Markt-Angebot-Deal-Aktion-Mailights-35792253.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Drucker-Multifunktionsgeraet-HP-Envy-Inspire-7924e-Media-Markt-Angebot-Deal-Aktion-Mailights-35792253.html Marlene Gesch Media Markt, Saturn, HP Tue, 16 May 2023 08:35:00 GMT Bundesliga, 33. Spieltag: Wetten, Tipps, Analysen, Super-Quoten Alles Wissenswerte zum 33. Spieltag der Fußball-Bundesliga – fällt die Entscheidung in der Meisterschaft? Die Spiele Bayern München gegen RB Leipzig und Augsburg gegen BVB stehen absolut im Fokus. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-Tipps-Sportwetten-auf-die-Bundesliga-wetten-Fussball-30474849.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-Tipps-Sportwetten-auf-die-Bundesliga-wetten-Fussball-30474849.html Stefan Mehmke Dennis Kochinky KB3 - Fotolia.com, FC Bayern München, Borussia Dortmund, FC Schalke 04, Eintracht Frankfurt, RB Leipzig, Werder Bremen Tue, 16 May 2023 08:30:00 GMT On the Road: Erleben Sie die Produkte von Homematic IP live Ein Smart Home auf acht Rädern: Der Roadshow-Truck von Homematic IP bringt allen die Möglichkeiten eines smarten Zuhauses näher. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Homematic-IP-Roadshow-35326999.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Homematic-IP-Roadshow-35326999.html Frauke Herbst Homematic IP Tue, 16 May 2023 08:00:00 GMT AirTags & Co.: Sind Positions-Tracker im Flugzeug erlaubt? Ortungsgeräte wie die AirTags von Apple finden nicht nur den Schlüssel, sondern auf Reisen auch den Koffer – überall. Doch sind sie in Flugzeugen erlaubt? Das Bundesverkehrsministerium hat nun eine Antwort parat. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Internet-AirTags-Co.-Positions-Tracker-nun-im-Flugzeug-erlaubt-35791995.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Internet-AirTags-Co.-Positions-Tracker-nun-im-Flugzeug-erlaubt-35791995.html Sarah Ignor iStock.com/Zephyr18, Apple Tue, 16 May 2023 08:00:00 GMT 5G-Netz: Telefónica funktioniert Laternen zu Hotspots um Der Netzbetreiber Telefónica wandelt Straßenlaternen in 5G-Hotspots um – und will damit auch zu einem grüneren Stadtbild beitragen. Wie? Das erfahren Sie hier! https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Handy-Telefonica-Strassenlaternen-sollen-5G-Netz-verdichten-35791673.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Handy-Telefonica-Strassenlaternen-sollen-5G-Netz-verdichten-35791673.html Rui Filipe Martins Machado Telefónica Germany GmbH & Co. OHG Tue, 16 May 2023 07:56:00 GMT Briefversand: Deutsche Post will Porto erhöhen Eigentlich ist eine Erhöhung des Briefportos nur alle drei Jahre vorgesehen. Die nächste Anhebung soll nach dem Willen der Deutschen Post aber bereits früher kommen. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Internet-Briefversand-Deutsche-Post-will-Porto-erhoehen-35791873.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Internet-Briefversand-Deutsche-Post-will-Porto-erhoehen-35791873.html Przemyslaw Szymanski iStock.com/Heike Brauer Tue, 16 May 2023 07:40:00 GMT Mobilfunk: Telekom will Netz an Autobahnen verbessern Die Deutsche Telekom will an den Autobahnen die Übertragungsrate im Handynetz erhöhen, indem sie mehr Funkstandorte errichtet und bestehende modernisiert. Was Nutzerinnen und Nutzer dann erwartet, weiß COMPUTER BILD. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Handy-Mobilfunk-Telekom-will-Netz-an-Autobahnen-verbessern-35791921.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Handy-Mobilfunk-Telekom-will-Netz-an-Autobahnen-verbessern-35791921.html Przemyslaw Szymanski INA FASSBENDER /Getty Images Tue, 16 May 2023 07:25:00 GMT Amazon, Ebay, Media Markt, Saturn: Top-Deals des Tages Versandhändler Amazon ist stets für Spar-Deals gut. Aber auch Media Markt, Saturn und Ebay bieten oft Technikschnäppchen. Hier die besten Angebote von heute! https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-Kaufberatung-Deals-Amazon-Ebay-Media-Markt-Saturn-Angebote-Deal-35517651.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-Kaufberatung-Deals-Amazon-Ebay-Media-Markt-Saturn-Angebote-Deal-35517651.html Przemyslaw Szymanski Amazon, Saturn, eBay, Media Markt, Apple, Sony, Honor Tue, 16 May 2023 06:25:00 GMT VW T-Roc kaufen: Kompakt-SUV mit schneller Lieferung Außen kompakt, innen geräumig – der SUV der Golfklasse von Volkswagen heißt T-Roc. Neben Design und technischer Ausstattung überzeugen auch die faire Preisgestaltung und die kurze Lieferzeit. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Connected-Car-VW-T-Roc-Kompakt-SUV-guenstiger-Preis-schnelle-Lieferung-Kauf-carwow-35715377.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Connected-Car-VW-T-Roc-Kompakt-SUV-guenstiger-Preis-schnelle-Lieferung-Kauf-carwow-35715377.html Axel Hengstbach VW Tue, 16 May 2023 06:00:00 GMT UltraDefrag im Test: Ein guter Defragmentierer? Der Defragmentierer UltraDefrag hebt sich durch seinen Open-Source-Ansatz vom Mitbewerb ab. Die Oberfläche ist nicht die frischeste, aber die Anwendung überzeugt mit einem simplen Interface. Wir beäugen die Vor- und Nachteile. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-Tipps-Software-UltraDefrag-im-Test-Das-taugt-die-Version-7-und-die-kommerzielle-Version-9-30749941.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-Tipps-Software-UltraDefrag-im-Test-Das-taugt-die-Version-7-und-die-kommerzielle-Version-9-30749941.html Sebastian Kolar iStock.com/Chainarong Prasertthai Tue, 16 May 2023 05:50:00 GMT Renault Austral: SUV mit Hybrid-Antrieb leasen Der Austral von Renault ist ein Kompakt-SUV mit Mild- oder Fullhybrid-Antrieb. Das Top-Modell ist mit rund 200 PS unterwegs und bietet neben einer guten Ausstattung auch eine vernünftige Preisgestaltung. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Connected-Car-Renault-Austral-Kompakt-SUV-Vollhybrid-Leasingangebot-35679671.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Connected-Car-Renault-Austral-Kompakt-SUV-Vollhybrid-Leasingangebot-35679671.html Axel Hengstbach Renault Tue, 16 May 2023 05:33:00 GMT Telekom-Prepaid-Karte: Wo Sie sie mit Rabatt bekommen Einfach mal ins Telekom-Netz reinschnuppern – mit der Telekom-Prepaid-Karte ohne Grundgebühr ist das problemlos möglich. Offiziell kostet sie knapp 10 Euro. Ein Händler gibt satte 25 Prozent Preisnachlass. Wo? Hier! https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Handy-Telekom-Prepaid-Karte-SIM-kaufen-Angebot-Rabatt-35682167.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Handy-Telekom-Prepaid-Karte-SIM-kaufen-Angebot-Rabatt-35682167.html Florian Schmidt iStock.com/Jovana Stojanovic, Amazon, Telekom Tue, 16 May 2023 05:00:00 GMT Darlehen berechnen: Ganz einfach zum Wunschkredit Online-Tools ermöglichen es Ihnen Kredite zu vergleichen, die monatlichen Raten oder die Laufzeit eines Kredits zu ermitteln. Wie diese Tools genau funktionieren und was Sie beim Darlehen berechnen beachten sollten. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-Tipps-Finanzen-Darlehen-berechnen-Rechner-Kredit-35773861.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-Tipps-Finanzen-Darlehen-berechnen-Rechner-Kredit-35773861.html Verena Klimkeit iStock.com/champpixs Tue, 16 May 2023 05:00:00 GMT YouTube-Paket: Die besten kostenlosen Tuning-Tools YouTube bietet einige Einstellmöglichkeiten, mit Tuning-Tools bohren Sie den Streaming-Dienst noch weitreichender auf – für mehr Audio- und Videoqualität sowie weniger Ruckler. Wir stellen die besten (Downloader-)Tools für die Plattform vor. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-Tipps-Software-YouTube-Videos-herunterladen-5494987.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-Tipps-Software-YouTube-Videos-herunterladen-5494987.html Sebastian Kolar Youtube, iStock.com/sorbetto Tue, 16 May 2023 04:30:00 GMT Amazon: Populärer Tefal-Kontaktgrill mit Grillboost für unter 180 Euro Grillen zu jeder Zeit klappt mit einem Kontaktgrill. Derzeit ist bei Amazon der Tefal OptiGrill Elite GC750D günstiger als bei der Internetkonkurrenz im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Kontaktgrill-Tefal-OptiGrill-Elite-GC750D-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35758181.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Kontaktgrill-Tefal-OptiGrill-Elite-GC750D-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35758181.html Markus Werner Amazon, Tefal Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Ultragünstig: Samsung Galaxy Watch 5 für knapp 160 Euro Satte 75 Euro Rabatt sichern Sie sich gerade bei Media Markt beim Kauf der Galaxy Watch 5! Was die Samsung-Smartwatch kann und wie gut der Deal ist, verrät COMPUTER BILD. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Wearables-Smartwatch-Samsung-Galaxy-Watch-5-Media-Markt-Angebot-Deal-Direktabzug-Rabatt-35789299.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Wearables-Smartwatch-Samsung-Galaxy-Watch-5-Media-Markt-Angebot-Deal-Direktabzug-Rabatt-35789299.html Marlene Gesch Media Markt, Saturn, Samsung Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: SanDisk-microSDs für die Nintendo Switch schon ab 11 Euro! Ist der Spielespeicher Ihrer Nintendo Switch voll? Dann hat Amazon derzeit microSD-Karten von SanDisk in diversen Speichergrößen zu reduzierten Preisen im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Speicher-SanDisk-microSDXC-Karten-Nintendo-Switch-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785449.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Speicher-SanDisk-microSDXC-Karten-Nintendo-Switch-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785449.html Markus Werner Amazon, SanDisk, Nintendo Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Beliebten Ecovacs-Saugroboter mit Bonus für nur 248 Euro Keine Lust auf Staubsaugen? Dann lassen Sie dem Saugroboter freie Bahn. Derzeit ist bei Amazon der Ecovacs Deebot N8 gute 20 Prozent günstiger im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Saugroboter-Ecovacs-Deebot-N8-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785433.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Saugroboter-Ecovacs-Deebot-N8-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785433.html Markus Werner Amazon, Ecovacs Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Gekrümmter Gaming-Monitor von Acer mit 32 Zoll für 259 Euro Soll ein neuer Gaming-Monitor her? Dann hat Amazon mit dem Acer Nitro XZ322QUS derzeit einen 32-Zöller mit hoher Auflösung satte 34 Prozent günstiger im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Monitore-Gaming-Acer-Nitro-XZ322QUS-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785365.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Monitore-Gaming-Acer-Nitro-XZ322QUS-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785365.html Markus Werner Amazon, Acer Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Große WD-Festplatte mit 14 TB für 270 Euro kaufen Speicher voll? Dann sorgt eine externe Festplatte im Handumdrehen für mehr Platz. Bei Amazon ist aktuell eine WD My Book mit 14 Terabyte für rund 270 Euro im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Speicher-Externe-Festplatte-WD-My-Book-14TB-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785341.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Speicher-Externe-Festplatte-WD-My-Book-14TB-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785341.html Markus Werner Amazon, Western Digital Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Flotter SSD-Speicher mit 4 TB von SanDisk für 270 Euro Festplatte langsam? Dann drehen Sie mit einer SSD den Turbo auf. Amazon hat gerade die SanDisk Ultra 3D SSD mit 4 Terabyte fast 15 Prozent günstiger im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Speicher-Interne-SSD-SanDisk-Ultra-3D-SSD-4TB-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785309.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Speicher-Interne-SSD-SanDisk-Ultra-3D-SSD-4TB-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785309.html Markus Werner Amazon, SanDisk Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Gute Garmin-Smartwatch mit Musikplayer für keine 170 Euro Die Smartwatch läuft der Armbanduhr den Rang ab. Bei Amazon ist gerade die Garmin Venu Sq Music mit edlem Goldrand günstiger im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Wearables-Smartwatch-Garmin-Venu-Sq-Music-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785285.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Wearables-Smartwatch-Garmin-Venu-Sq-Music-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785285.html Markus Werner Amazon, Garmin Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Smart-TV von Sony mit 75 Zoll, 4K und HDR für 1.299 Euro Soll ein neuer Fernseher her? Dann hat Amazon für Sie derzeit den Sony Bravia KD-75X85K/P mit großen 75 Zoll, scharfer 4K-Auflösung und HDR für 1.299 Euro im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/avf-News-Fernseher-Smart-TV-Sony-Bravia-KD-75X85K-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785261.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/avf-News-Fernseher-Smart-TV-Sony-Bravia-KD-75X85K-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785261.html Markus Werner Amazon, Sony Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Guter Bluetooth-Kopfhörer Soundcore Life Q35 für nur 90 Euro Jetzt gibt's was auf die Lauscher. Bei Amazon ist aktuell der Bluetooth-Kopfhörer Anker Soundcore Life Q35 mit 40 Euro Preisnachlass im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Kopfhoerer-Bluetooth-Anker-Soundcore-Life-Q35-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785221.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Kopfhoerer-Bluetooth-Anker-Soundcore-Life-Q35-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785221.html Markus Werner Amazon, Anker, Soundcore Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Sony-Soundbar mit Dolby Atmos & Subwoofer für nur 209 Euro Gegen schlechte TV-Lautsprecher hilft ein neues Modell oder kostengünstiger eine Soundbar. Aktuell hat Amazon die Sony HT-X8500 fast 20 Prozent preiswerter im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Lautsprecher-Soundbar-Sony-HT-X8500-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785189.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Lautsprecher-Soundbar-Sony-HT-X8500-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35785189.html Markus Werner Amazon, Sony Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Top-Angebot: Auf Dyson-Luftreiniger mit Rabattcode kräftig sparen Dicke Luft zu Hause? Der Dyson Purifier Humidify + Cool PH03 verbessert das Raumklima. Das 3-in-1-Gerät reinigt die Luft, befeuchtet sie und dient als Ventilator. Bei Dyson kaufen Sie den Luftreiniger dank eines Rabattcodes zum Spitzenkurs. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Luftreiniger-Dyson-Purifier-Humidify-Cool-PH03-Ventilator-Dyson-Shop-Angebot-Deal-Rabattcode-35784163.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Luftreiniger-Dyson-Purifier-Humidify-Cool-PH03-Ventilator-Dyson-Shop-Angebot-Deal-Rabattcode-35784163.html Marlene Gesch Dyson Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Media Markt: Sunset-Balkonkraftwerk um 26 Prozent reduziert Ob am Balkon, im Garten oder auf der Terrasse – mit einem Balkonkraftwerk wandeln Sie Sonnenlicht in Strom um. Media Markt hat aktuell ein Sunset-Modell günstig auf Lager. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Energie-Balkonkraftwerk-Sunset-Sunpay-300S-Media-Markt-Angebot-Deal-35778225.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Energie-Balkonkraftwerk-Sunset-Sunpay-300S-Media-Markt-Angebot-Deal-35778225.html Marlene Gesch Media Markt, Saturn, Sunset Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Externe WD-Festplatte mit 18 TB für rund 290 Euro Eine externe Festplatte sorgt rasch für ein Speicherplus. Amazon hat aktuell die WD Elements Desktop mit 18 Terabyte zum reduzierten Preis im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Speicher-Externe-Festplatte-WD-Elements-Desktop-18TB-Amazon-Angebot-Deal-35776883.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Speicher-Externe-Festplatte-WD-Elements-Desktop-18TB-Amazon-Angebot-Deal-35776883.html Markus Werner Amazon, Western Digital Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Mechanische Gaming-Tastatur von Corsair für 125 Euro Gamer freuen sich, denn Amazon hat gerade die mechanische Gaming-Tastatur Corsair K70 RGB MK.2 gute 22 Prozent günstiger im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cbs-News-Spiele-Mechanische-Gaming-Tastatur-Corsair-K70-RGB-MK2-Amazon-Angebot-Deal-35776859.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cbs-News-Spiele-Mechanische-Gaming-Tastatur-Corsair-K70-RGB-MK2-Amazon-Angebot-Deal-35776859.html Markus Werner Amazon, Corsair Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: SanDisk-microSD mit 256 GB für rund 23 Euro Eine microSD-Karte bohrt einfach und schnell den Speicher auf. Amazon hat derzeit mit der SanDisk Ultra 256 GB eine günstiger im Angebot. Jetzt sparen! https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Speicher-microSD-Karte-SanDisk-Ultra-256GB-Amazon-Angebot-Deal-35776795.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Speicher-microSD-Karte-SanDisk-Ultra-256GB-Amazon-Angebot-Deal-35776795.html Markus Werner Amazon, SanDisk Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Gute Eufy-Türklingel mit Kamera für 89 Euro kaufen Ding Dong: Mit einer smarten Video-Türklingel haben Sie jeden im Blick. Derzeit ist ein Modell aus dem Hause Eufy samt Türglocke günstiger bei Amazon im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Eufy-2K-Video-Tuerklingel-Tuerglocke-Amazon-Angebot-Deal-35776771.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Eufy-2K-Video-Tuerklingel-Tuerglocke-Amazon-Angebot-Deal-35776771.html Markus Werner Amazon, Anker, Eufy Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Populärer Anker Soundcore 2 für rund 30 Euro abgreifen Musik für unterwegs: Den Bluetooth-Lautsprecher Anker Soundcore 2 ergattern Sie aktuell bei Amazon mit einem Preisvorteil von fast 20 Prozent im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Lautsprecher-Bluetooth-Box-Anker-Soundcore-2-Amazon-Angebot-Deal-35776683.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Lautsprecher-Bluetooth-Box-Anker-Soundcore-2-Amazon-Angebot-Deal-35776683.html Markus Werner Julian Neubauer Amazon, Anker Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Media Markt: Brandneues Zelda-Spiel zum Bestpreis schnappen Das Warten hat ein Ende: "The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom" ist draußen! Media Markt hat das taufrische Switch-Spiel direkt um 14 Prozent reduziert. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cbs-News-Spiele-Nintendo-Switch-The-Legend-of-Zelda-Tears-of-the-Kingdom-Media-Markt-Angebot-Deal-Bestpreis-sparen-35775949.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cbs-News-Spiele-Nintendo-Switch-The-Legend-of-Zelda-Tears-of-the-Kingdom-Media-Markt-Angebot-Deal-Bestpreis-sparen-35775949.html Marlene Gesch Media Markt, Saturn, Nintendo Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Über 150 Euro sparen: Sony Alpha 6000 Kamera-Kit als Schnäppchen! Media Markt bietet derzeit die beliebte Systemkamera Sony Alpha 6000 mit umfangreichem Zubehör für unter 600 Euro an. Günstiger finden Sie das Kamera-Kit im Netz aktuell nirgends. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/avf-News-Digitalkameras-Sony-Alpha-6000-Kamera-Kit-Tiefpreis-Media-Markt-Angebot-Deal-35766851.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/avf-News-Digitalkameras-Sony-Alpha-6000-Kamera-Kit-Tiefpreis-Media-Markt-Angebot-Deal-35766851.html Henning Evers Media Markt, Sony Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Smarter Tür- und Fenstersensor von Aqara für rund 15 Euro Sind Fenster und Türen geschlossen? Ein smarter Tür- und Fenstersensor schafft flott Klarheit. Gerade ist ein Modell der Marke Aqara bei Amazon günstig im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Tuer-Fenstersensor-Aqara-MCCGQ11LM-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35765851.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Tuer-Fenstersensor-Aqara-MCCGQ11LM-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35765851.html Markus Werner Amazon, Aqara Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Samsung-microSD mit 256 GB für 18 Euro Auf dem Smartphone oder der Switch wird der Speicher knapp? Dann muss eine Speicherkarte her. Bei Amazon gibt es ein Modell von Samsung aktuell sehr günstig. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Handy-microSD-Karte-Samsung-Evo-Select-256GB-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35765827.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Handy-microSD-Karte-Samsung-Evo-Select-256GB-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35765827.html Marco Engelien Markus Werner Amazon, Samsung Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Anker Soundcore Motion Plus für unter 80 Euro Bluetooth-Lautsprecher sorgen immer und überall für guten Sound. Derzeit hat Amazon den Anker Soundcore Motion Plus günstiger im Angebot. Jetzt sparen! https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Lautsprecher-Bluetooth-Anker-Soundcore-Motion-Plus-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35765795.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Lautsprecher-Bluetooth-Anker-Soundcore-Motion-Plus-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35765795.html Markus Werner Amazon, Anker, Soundcore Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Mechanische Gaming-Tastatur von Trust für unter 50 Euro Mechanische Gaming-Tastaturen sind schnell und strapazierfähig, aber oft teuer. Nicht so die Trust GXT 877 Scarr. Amazon hat sie gerade für kleines Geld im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cbs-News-Spiele-Gaming-Tastatur-Trust-GXT-877-Scarr-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35765763.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cbs-News-Spiele-Gaming-Tastatur-Trust-GXT-877-Scarr-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35765763.html Markus Werner Amazon, Trust Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Guten Saugroboter Dreame L10s Ultra für 899 Euro abstauben Staubsaugen gehört nicht zu Ihren Hobbys? Kein Problem, für saubere Böden gibt es Saugroboter. Aktuell ist bei Amazon der Dreame L10s Ultra für 899 Euro im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Saugroboter-Dreame-L10s-Ultra-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35765739.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Saugroboter-Dreame-L10s-Ultra-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35765739.html Markus Werner Amazon, Dreame Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Smarter Heizkörperthermostat von Aqara für keine 50 Euro Wer Heizkosten sparen möchte, der setzt auf smarte Heizkörperthermostate. Derzeit hat Amazon den Aqara E1 zum starken Preis im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Smarter-Heizkoerperthermostat-Aqara-E1-SRTS-A01-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35758269.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-Smarter-Heizkoerperthermostat-Aqara-E1-SRTS-A01-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35758269.html Markus Werner Amazon, Aqara Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Beliebten Anker Soundcore 3 für gute 45 Euro kaufen Mit einem Bluetooth-Lautsprecher hören Sie überall Musik. Amazon hat den Anker Soundcore 3 aktuell im Angebot. Jetzt Rabatt sichern! https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Lautsprecher-Bluetooth-Anker-Soundcore-3-Amazon-Angebot-Deal-35758237.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Lautsprecher-Bluetooth-Anker-Soundcore-3-Amazon-Angebot-Deal-35758237.html Markus Werner Amazon, Anker, Soundcore Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Beliebter Stichheiler von Beurer zum Sparpreis Bei schönem Wetter sind Insektenstiche kaum vermeidbar. Stichheiler versprechen schnelle Linderung. Gerade ist ein bei Amazon-Kunden gefragtes Modell von Beurer im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Freizeit-Stichheiler-Beurer-BR-60-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35758157.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Freizeit-Stichheiler-Beurer-BR-60-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35758157.html Markus Werner Amazon, Beurer Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Drei smarte LED-Glühbirnen von Nanoleaf zum Sparpreis Smarte Glühbirnen verwandeln einfache Lampen flott in schlaue Lichtspender. Amazon hat aktuell die Nanoleaf Essentials im 3er-Set zum günstigen Preis im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-3er-Set-smarte-Nanoleaf-Essentials-Gluehbirnen-E27-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35717735.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Smart-Home-3er-Set-smarte-Nanoleaf-Essentials-Gluehbirnen-E27-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35717735.html Markus Werner Amazon, Nanoleaf Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Auf Beamer mit Full-HD und Dolby Audio von Nebula 200 Euro sparen Mit einem Beamer schauen Sie Sport, Filme, Nachrichten und mehr an fast jedem Ort. Aktuell hat Amazon den Nebula Cosmos Laser 1080p für 1.000 Euro im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/avf-News-Fernseher-Beamer-Nebula-Cosmos-Laser-1080p-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35717243.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/avf-News-Fernseher-Beamer-Nebula-Cosmos-Laser-1080p-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35717243.html Markus Werner Amazon, Nebula, Anker Tue, 16 May 2023 04:00:00 GMT Amazon: Beliebter USB-Stick mit 256 GB von Samsung für rund 32 Euro USB-Sticks sind ideal, um Dateien flott zwischen zwei Geräten auszutauschen. Aktuell hat Amazon den Samsung Bar Plus mit 256 Gigabyte preiswerter im Angebot. https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Speicher-USB-Stick-Samsung-Bar-Plus-256GB-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35711217.html https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Speicher-USB-Stick-Samsung-Bar-Plus-256GB-Amazon-Angebot-sparen-35711217.html Markus Werner Amazon, Samsung

This XML file does not appear to have any style information associated with it. The document tree is

This XML file does not appear to have any style information associated with it. The document tree is shown below. Keith Wood jQuery Plugins http://keith-wood.name jQuery plugins written by Keith Wood en Sat, 07 Oct 2017 00:00:00 +1000 jQuery UI Signature 1.2.0 http://keith-wood.name/signature.html Release 1.2.0

Integrate with jQuery UI 1.12
Prevent clearing and drawing when disabled
Added svgStyles option to control SVG rendering
Added syncFormat option
Added toDataURL method
Updated draw method to handle SVG and data: URLs
Prevent drawing when disabled
JSHint corrections
Better inline JSDoc

]]> Release Sat, 07 Oct 2017 00:00:00 +1000 http://keith-wood.name/signature.html#171007 jQuery Calendars 2.1.0 http://keith-wood.name/calendars.html Release 2.1.0

Trigger change event when updating field value
Corrected dayNamesShort for Umm al-Qura calendar
Applied localNumbers to years
Updated Arabic and Farsi localisations
Added Telugu localisation
JSHint corrections
Better inline JSDoc

]]> Release Sat, 04 Feb 2017 00:00:00 +1000 http://keith-wood.name/calendars.html#170204 jQuery Keypad 2.1.0 http://keith-wood.name/keypad.html Release 2.1.0

Corrected randomisation and randomised layout
Corrected width calculation for multiple keypads
Corrected special keystrokes in onKeyPress
JSHint corrections
Better inline JSDoc

]]> Release Sat, 17 Dec 2016 00:00:00 +1000 http://keith-wood.name/keypad.html#161217 jQuery Countdown 2.1.0 http://keith-wood.name/countdown.html Release 2.1.0

Calling 'pause' in onTick caused an infinite loop
Corrected Slovenian localisation
Added Macedonian localisation
JSHint corrections
Better inline JSDoc

]]> Release Sat, 19 Nov 2016 00:00:00 +1000 http://keith-wood.name/countdown.html#161119 jQuery Datepicker 5.1.0 http://keith-wood.name/datepick.html Release 5.1.0

Trigger change event when updating field value
JSHint corrections
Better inline JSDoc

]]> Release Sat, 29 Oct 2016 00:00:00 +1000 http://keith-wood.name/datepick.html#161029 jQuery Calendars 2.0.2 http://keith-wood.name/calendars.html Release 2.0.2

Added Discworld and Nanakshahi calendars
Corrected Nepali calendar for the second half of Paush
Added digits option to localisation for support of local numbers
Added substituteDigits and substituteChineseDigits functions to support localisation of numbers
Updated various localisations to provide localised numbers
Added localNumbers option to formatDate
Added localNumbers option to datepicker
Added Punjabi localisation for Gregorian calendar

]]> Release Sat, 23 Jan 2016 00:00:00 +1000 http://keith-wood.name/calendars.html#160123 jQuery Time Entry Localisation http://keith-wood.name/timeEntry.html Added Finnish localisation ]]> Localisation Sat, 23 Jan 2016 00:00:00 +1000 http://keith-wood.name/timeEntry.html#160123

DOAJ Rece

DOAJ Recent Journals Added CottageLabs feed generator https://doaj.org/static/doaj/images/favicon.ico https://doaj.org/static/doaj/images/favicon.ico (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA. 2023-05-04T10:16:29Z Futurity Research Publishing urn:uuid:15f5bd2638bd43b2adfcc80677e6cec4 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Futurity Research Publishing Added to DOAJ on 4 May 2023 LCC Subject Category: Social Sciences: Economic theory. Demography | Law | Social Sciences: Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform

Futurity Economics & Law (2956-4476) 2023-05-04T10:16:29Z IOS Press urn:uuid:402c59199cc24503a7b30660ba6aeb6a (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by IOS Press Added to DOAJ on 3 May 2023 LCC Subject Category: Science: Mathematics: Instruments and machines: Electronic computers. Computer science

Data Science (2451-8484, 2451-8492) 2023-05-03T12:04:11Z University of Pardubice urn:uuid:fa1b260f755e4409a40fc8a56d7357e1 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by University of Pardubice in University of Pardubice, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Department of English and American Studies Added to DOAJ on 3 May 2023 LCC Subject Category: Language and Literature: American literature | Language and Literature: English literature

American and British Studies Annual (1803-6058, 2788-2233) 2023-05-03T08:55:35Z Vilnius University Press urn:uuid:0f54e88bee1846b395ad5bf30e5ba6fa (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Vilnius University Press Added to DOAJ on 26 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Language and Literature: Literature (General): Journalism. The periodical press, etc.

Žurnalistikos Tyrimai (2029-1132, 2424-6042) 2023-05-03T05:36:55Z Milli Savunma Üniversitesi urn:uuid:bc8ecf3989114f80b6aead7d5f0b7824 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Milli Savunma Üniversitesi in Atatürk Strategic Studies and Graduate Institute (ATASAREN) Added to DOAJ on 2 May 2023 LCC Subject Category: Military Science

Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi (1305-4740, 2822-6984) 2023-05-02T12:58:14Z Departamento de Historia, Universidad de Guanajuato urn:uuid:aa0cf0d2680d4c258fefa65b7d8c6f8a (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Departamento de Historia, Universidad de Guanajuato Added to DOAJ on 2 May 2023 LCC Subject Category: General Works: History of scholarship and learning. The humanities | History (General) and history of Europe | History America: Latin America. Spanish America

Oficio, Revista de Historia e Interdisciplina (2448-4717, 2594-2115) 2023-05-02T12:24:59Z Asociación Herpetológica Española urn:uuid:c5e47a15c228444aaf5bcd2c0b74a42e (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Asociación Herpetológica Española Added to DOAJ on 2 May 2023 LCC Subject Category: Science: Zoology

Basic & Applied Herpetology (2255-1468, 2255-1476) 2023-05-02T08:55:18Z CABI Publishing urn:uuid:30afa6f129de4deab86641b39ea8859d (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by CABI Publishing Added to DOAJ on 27 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Environmental sciences | Medicine: Public aspects of medicine

CABI One Health (2791-223X) 2023-05-02T08:37:40Z Agricultural Academy urn:uuid:f39e9fd8f3a743e893ed0f812d50b76d (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Agricultural Academy Added to DOAJ on 1 May 2023 LCC Subject Category: Agriculture: Animal culture

Животновъдни науки (0514-7441, 2534-9856) 2023-05-02T08:34:48Z Agricultural academy urn:uuid:99a8542aa93c48ab86c43af5dbf8c9cc (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Agricultural academy Added to DOAJ on 2 May 2023 LCC Subject Category: Agriculture

Растениевъдни науки (0568-465X, 2534-9848) 2023-05-02T08:28:23Z Research Synergy Foundation urn:uuid:0fea4f7d11fa4e56a61b6e0d8bb8faf4 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Research Synergy Foundation Added to DOAJ on 2 May 2023 LCC Subject Category: Social Sciences

Applied Quantitative Analysis (2808-4640, 2808-4934) 2023-05-02T06:32:24Z Pandian Educational Trust (TN-32-0003213), Maheswari Publishers, (The publishing unit of PANDIAN EDUCATIONAL TRUST- TN32D0026797) urn:uuid:226b4a325dd443c4934603300d563a3e (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Pandian Educational Trust (TN-32-0003213), Maheswari Publishers, (The publishing unit of PANDIAN EDUCATIONAL TRUST- TN32D0026797) Added to DOAJ on 2 May 2023 LCC Subject Category: Philosophy. Psychology. Religion | Language and Literature

Pandian Tamil Journal of Temple Studies (2583-0880) 2023-05-02T02:21:46Z Sonali Sharma on behalf of Rajasthan University of Health Sciences urn:uuid:a8a89d738d8a44b19aed70dae4e74afa (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Sonali Sharma on behalf of Rajasthan University of Health Sciences in Rajasthan University of Health Sciences Added to DOAJ on 1 May 2023 LCC Subject Category: Medicine

RUHS Journal of Health Sciences (2456-8309, 2582-3590) 2023-05-01T15:28:00Z The Academy of Korean Studies Press urn:uuid:9d6be56a1d504d3ca394f6336bc3df5b (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by The Academy of Korean Studies Press in The Academy of Korean Studies Added to DOAJ on 1 May 2023 LCC Subject Category: General Works: History of scholarship and learning. The humanities | Language and Literature: Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania

Korea Journal (0023-3900, 2733-9343) 2023-05-01T15:23:48Z Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman urn:uuid:b031a5c2ae2145ab9ef926e898ce4438 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in Iranian E-Commerce Scientific Association Added to DOAJ on 30 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Social Sciences: Economic history and conditions | Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Economic growth, development, planning

مجله توسعه و سرمایه (2008-2428, 2645-3606) 2023-04-30T22:59:33Z EMS Press urn:uuid:a4168b908a0f4aac910fd3fc389628b5 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by EMS Press in European Mathematical Society Added to DOAJ on 30 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Science: Mathematics: Probabilities. Mathematical statistics

Mathematical Statistics and Learning (2520-2316, 2520-2324) 2023-04-30T21:07:42Z University of Isfahan urn:uuid:b4216d3048cb4eacbda006f9ef28d58b (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by University of Isfahan Added to DOAJ on 30 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Economic growth, development, planning

برنامه ریزی فضایی (2228-7485, 2476-3357) 2023-04-30T20:56:43Z Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Asia Malang urn:uuid:b249c0e5403c47a8ab5293e40c80cd9e (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Asia Malang Added to DOAJ on 30 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Social Sciences: Commerce: Business

Jurnal Manajemen dan Profesional (2775-5967) 2023-04-30T16:26:58Z Trakya University urn:uuid:1d1e79acdf1349ed9cc406281e1ada6c (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Trakya University Added to DOAJ on 30 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Social Sciences: Finance

Trakya Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi E-Dergi (2147-2483) 2023-04-30T13:43:11Z Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute urn:uuid:f92ad24022894654a47c973d0a8c4826 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute in Iranian Nuclear Society Added to DOAJ on 30 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Science: Physics: Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity

مجله علوم و فنون هسته‌ای (1735-1871, 2676-5861) 2023-04-30T11:28:21Z African Educational Research and Development Foundation urn:uuid:769746d0c8234007a491dad588c35a59 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by African Educational Research and Development Foundation Added to DOAJ on 29 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Education

Journal of Educational Research on Children, Parents & Teachers (2664-3804, 2664-3812) 2023-04-29T20:41:41Z GiLE Oktatási Alapítvány (GiLE Foundation) urn:uuid:e63bb1053e42477a8732cfdea4f7ca26 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by GiLE Oktatási Alapítvány (GiLE Foundation) Added to DOAJ on 29 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Education: Education (General)

GiLE Journal of Skills Development (2732-3781) 2023-04-29T17:37:59Z AOSIS urn:uuid:eee2063a1ac1493fb244d46ade846c11 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by AOSIS in University of Zululand Added to DOAJ on 29 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Speculative philosophy: Epistemology. Theory of knowledge

Inkanyiso (2077-2815, 2077-8317) 2023-04-29T10:15:46Z Associação Brasileira de Teoria e Análise Musical urn:uuid:ab746e85385d4362a4c3c859d0b2a32f (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Associação Brasileira de Teoria e Análise Musical in Associação Brasileira de Teoria e Análise Musical Added to DOAJ on 28 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Music and books on Music: Literature on music | Music and books on Music: Music

Musica Theorica (2525-5541) 2023-04-28T15:03:37Z Yayasan Azhar Amanaa Yogyakarta urn:uuid:64279c7259094ff1af3419d40faecb87 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Yayasan Azhar Amanaa Yogyakarta Added to DOAJ on 28 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Islam. Bahai Faith. Theosophy, etc.: Islam

Amorti (2962-9209) 2023-04-28T11:43:59Z Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya urn:uuid:cfecdb9af5774c3f99cc20b249645229 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya Added to DOAJ on 28 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Education | Social Sciences: Communities. Classes. Races: Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology: City population. Including children in cities, immigration

Child Education Journal (2685-189X, 2685-1903) 2023-04-28T11:04:14Z Elsevier urn:uuid:2e0e4ebd21604a1b8b3004da10594bf5 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Elsevier Added to DOAJ on 28 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Medicine: Surgery | Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology

Surgery Open Digestive Advance (2667-0089) 2023-04-28T08:44:47Z Elsevier urn:uuid:8afff9b2b933421f98cbb9b4fbab72d5 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Elsevier in Shanghai Jiaotong University Added to DOAJ on 28 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering | Science: Physics: Electricity and magnetism

Superconductivity (2772-8307) 2023-04-28T08:37:26Z Elsevier urn:uuid:8b0f4af0ad7e45b2ba4571035a44aab1 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Elsevier Added to DOAJ on 28 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Management. Industrial management | Technology: Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering

Cleaner Waste Systems (2772-9125) 2023-04-28T08:19:30Z Editura Universitară "Ion Mincu” urn:uuid:a814c16ef02e4ff6b30cf237d6b3138f (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Editura Universitară "Ion Mincu” Added to DOAJ on 28 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Fine Arts: Architecture

Argument (2067-4252, 2501-6334) 2023-04-28T08:12:40Z Elsevier urn:uuid:23f733e4b9594b7c9e5f1d618ef44142 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Elsevier Added to DOAJ on 28 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Technology: Mechanical engineering and machinery: Renewable energy sources | Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Special industries and trades: Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade

Cleaner Energy Systems (2772-7831) 2023-04-28T08:11:04Z Elsevier urn:uuid:074f6491dcf64b1d8f035f8fde6a87ed (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Elsevier Added to DOAJ on 28 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Social Sciences: Industries. Land use. Labor: Economic growth, development, planning | Technology: Chemical technology: Biotechnology

Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy (2772-8013) 2023-04-28T07:54:44Z SAGE Publishing urn:uuid:8a8d099d13d9442b997b3dd2c925c964 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by SAGE Publishing in East China Normal University Added to DOAJ on 28 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Science: Mathematics | Education: Education (General)

Asian Journal for Mathematics Education (2752-7271) 2023-04-28T07:35:01Z University of Zagreb, Faculty of Croatian Studies urn:uuid:3d4023498c9847ab826471d743297a13 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by University of Zagreb, Faculty of Croatian Studies Added to DOAJ on 27 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: History (General) and history of Europe | Language and Literature

Kroatologija (1847-8050, 1848-9117) 2023-04-27T18:07:44Z Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kediri, Indonesia urn:uuid:7f831d81db184687b76e56b158afe881 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kediri, Indonesia Added to DOAJ on 27 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology

Happiness: Journal of Psychology and Islamic Science (2580-0671) 2023-04-27T16:40:50Z LLC «Meditsina-Inform» urn:uuid:ff424a2265ea430eb0af9f3038a68e73 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by LLC «Meditsina-Inform» Added to DOAJ on 26 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Medicine: Medicine (General) | Medicine: Internal medicine: Infectious and parasitic diseases | Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system | Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system | Medicine: Internal medicine: Specialties of internal medicine: Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology

РМЖ: Медицинское обозрение (2587-6821, 2686-9918) 2023-04-27T16:38:20Z The University of Alabama urn:uuid:9f7ad79e78b14f94b50bfc4ee522a955 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by The University of Alabama Added to DOAJ on 27 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Education | Social Sciences: Communities. Classes. Races

Journal of Community Engagement and Scholarship (1944-1207) 2023-04-27T15:06:23Z University of Galway urn:uuid:b0ba282095484dd6a112ae7e171f8b24 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by University of Galway Added to DOAJ on 27 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Psychology | Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry: Therapeutics. Psychotherapy

Clinical Psychology Today (2565-5698) 2023-04-27T13:47:50Z Fakultas Ekonomi and bisnis UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung urn:uuid:d4e4e8f9bfbb4f8eb3f95dfae8974779 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Fakultas Ekonomi and bisnis UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Added to DOAJ on 27 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Social Sciences: Economic theory. Demography | Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Islam. Bahai Faith. Theosophy, etc.: Islam

Journal of Islamic Economics and Business (2798-8562, 2798-4834) 2023-04-27T13:07:40Z Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hukum dan HAM urn:uuid:439ad7eae150429aa31080912a0f4eab (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hukum dan HAM Added to DOAJ on 27 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Political science

Jurnal HAM (1693-8704, 2579-8553) 2023-04-27T10:24:44Z Institut Teknologi Dirgantara Adisutjipto urn:uuid:b035f723686042a5a496672effd81634 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Institut Teknologi Dirgantara Adisutjipto Added to DOAJ on 27 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Technology: Technology (General) | Science: Mathematics

Compiler (2252-3839, 2549-2403) 2023-04-27T07:28:59Z Taylor & Francis Group urn:uuid:e65ccf7c9f694d9d979b2da6227c011c (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Taylor & Francis Group Added to DOAJ on 26 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Technology: Mechanical engineering and machinery: Renewable energy sources

International Journal of Sustainable Energy (1478-6451, 1478-646X) 2023-04-26T14:30:20Z Taylor & Francis Group urn:uuid:b08f38ad469449d7a98ac23aaf4e500c (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Taylor & Francis Group in University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) Added to DOAJ on 26 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system

Brain-Apparatus Communication (2770-6710) 2023-04-26T14:26:07Z Department of Mathematics FMIPA University of Jember urn:uuid:7c97107650914f2bb67617dd1d38305c (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Department of Mathematics FMIPA University of Jember Added to DOAJ on 26 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Science: Mathematics

Majalah Ilmiah Matematika dan Statistika (1411-6669, 2722-9866) 2023-04-26T14:08:08Z Cambridge University Press urn:uuid:de95937e0b4b4726bf118725e1848101 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Cambridge Prisms: Precision Medicine (2752-6143) 2023-04-26T10:16:22Z Cambridge University Press urn:uuid:0c595fdb5f0a4cf0b195831c3353ac13 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Cambridge University Press Added to DOAJ on 26 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Technology: Hydraulic engineering: Harbors and coast protective works. Coastal engineering. Lighthouses | Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Oceanography

Cambridge Prisms: Coastal Futures (2754-7205) 2023-04-26T10:07:55Z Universidade Federal Fluminense, Escola de Enfermagem Aurora de Afonso Costa urn:uuid:ef9eb1563e1b47e190a64d594ca51812 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Universidade Federal Fluminense, Escola de Enfermagem Aurora de Afonso Costa in Universidade Federal Fluminense Added to DOAJ on 25 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Medicine: Nursing

Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing (1676-4285) 2023-04-25T13:05:55Z Hawler Medical University urn:uuid:30828f3b31c6493e807e9c5b2455b05b (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Hawler Medical University Added to DOAJ on 25 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Medicine: Nursing

Erbil Journal of Nursing and Midwifery (2523-0271, 2617-183X) 2023-04-25T11:01:10Z Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander Ocaña urn:uuid:0efe77acc0364dbd85654c3a4726caf9 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander Ocaña Added to DOAJ on 25 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Social Sciences: Commerce: Business | Social Sciences: Finance

Revista Científica Profundidad Construyendo Futuro (2422-2518) 2023-04-25T10:52:29Z Universidad de Santander urn:uuid:216ae6da28b340dcb936bdb950170676 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Universidad de Santander Added to DOAJ on 25 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Technology: Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)

AiBi Revista de Investigación, Administración e Ingeniería (2346-030X) 2023-04-25T10:39:42Z Engiscience Publisher urn:uuid:a39749901ffb43a1aa9cfab369801484 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Journal of Studies in Science and Engineering (2789-634X) 2023-04-25T10:22:48Z Altai State University urn:uuid:e664826ae1bb4d7d97721228208e99df (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Altai State University Added to DOAJ on 25 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Science: Physics | History (General) and history of Europe: History (General)

Известия Алтайского государственного университета (1561-9443, 1561-9451) 2023-04-25T10:10:35Z University of Lahore urn:uuid:7dfccccc217745c48fcc39e2aebf2be6 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by University of Lahore Added to DOAJ on 25 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Medicine: Dentistry

Journal of University College of Medicine and Dentistry (2790-3443, 2790-3451) 2023-04-25T05:03:37Z Social Sciences University of Ankara urn:uuid:a779ba6075b04338994a120c37e3bb1a (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Social Sciences University of Ankara Added to DOAJ on 24 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Social Sciences: Economic history and conditions

Journal of Islamic Economics (2822-2326) 2023-04-24T19:58:34Z Gençleri Evlendirme ve Mehir Vakfı urn:uuid:f2e33ef13f1c470090174bb2ad9ae10f (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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İslam Hukuku Araştırmaları Dergisi (1304-1045, 2791-9730) 2023-04-24T19:54:05Z AOSIS urn:uuid:a50ace5bf67d4387af7f167bae9df13f (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Contree (0379-9867, 2959-510X) 2023-04-24T18:19:27Z Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association urn:uuid:142677cdc52048e0a57f53817f1ca4ca (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Epigenetics (1559-2294, 1559-2308) 2023-04-24T13:31:50Z Bucharest University of Economic Studies urn:uuid:43238049ef294412a31ad7d22707d875 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Bucharest University of Economic Studies Added to DOAJ on 24 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Technology: Technology (General) | Science: Mathematics: Instruments and machines: Electronic computers. Computer science: Computer software

Database Systems Journal (2069-3230) 2023-04-24T07:03:54Z Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher urn:uuid:666c6b8404de4786aac3154d6648e425 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher in Indian Association of Private Psychiatry Added to DOAJ on 24 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Medicine: Internal medicine: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry: Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system: Psychiatry

Indian Journal of Private Psychiatry (2319-5363, 2583-4010) 2023-04-24T04:48:01Z EMS Press urn:uuid:220561ad5ab94b6f850d9e77e6accb5a (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by EMS Press in Real Sociedad Matemática Española Added to DOAJ on 23 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Science: Mathematics

Revista Matemática Iberoamericana (0213-2230, 2235-0616) 2023-04-23T23:14:35Z Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Irkutsk State Medical University urn:uuid:2cf33dfb52d14161b50f864b65640825 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Irkutsk State Medical University Added to DOAJ on 23 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Medicine: Medicine (General)

Байкальский медицинский журнал (2949-0715) 2023-04-23T12:40:27Z Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Educação urn:uuid:b535dc34285b4dec99e8b93b862ecf85 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Educação e Pesquisa (1517-9702, 1678-4634) 2023-04-22T15:33:29Z Cracow University of Economics urn:uuid:c7fafe05c6d04166bbfb2f8c70b30c4b (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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HIV Research & Clinical Practice (2578-7470) 2023-04-21T11:44:19Z Taylor & Francis Group urn:uuid:a6b56c94468b4708abb89a41ab77f94f (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Autoimmunity (0891-6934, 1607-842X) 2023-04-21T10:39:33Z Universidad Pablo de Olavide urn:uuid:d9ae73df09b54f4b8e886a3e539ddb70 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Journal of Sustainable Real Estate (1949-8276, 1949-8284) 2023-04-20T15:11:36Z Universidad Nacional de Colombia urn:uuid:8e1140d37a944a94b854db7d60e06303 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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ACTIO Journal of Technology in Design, Film Arts and Visual Communication (2665-1890) 2023-04-20T14:49:26Z Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) urn:uuid:4dbe241eb2b849189c1594e05f4e5679 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) in Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde Added to DOAJ on 20 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Science: Microbiology | Medicine: Internal medicine: Infectious and parasitic diseases

Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (0074-0276, 1678-8060) 2023-04-20T13:23:07Z Faculdade de Medicina de Olinda urn:uuid:ebb5dce22e0f4f66b655d8bd2b881053 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Anais da Faculdade de Medicina de Olinda (2595-1734, 2674-8487) 2023-04-20T09:43:22Z Taylor & Francis Group urn:uuid:a7c6949c890547799b00388d1136d5f6 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Taylor & Francis Group Added to DOAJ on 20 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Medicine: Internal medicine

Expert Review of Vaccines (1476-0584, 1744-8395) 2023-04-20T08:30:29Z Karger Publishers urn:uuid:d7a8be81411e4cb18694eac142ee6baf (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Pulse (2235-8668) 2023-04-19T12:57:09Z University of Huddersfield Press urn:uuid:827abe80b74f4f6b80930cda383f07c3 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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British Journal of Pharmacy (2058-8356) 2023-04-19T11:14:15Z Journal of Information Architecture urn:uuid:2ffbf0e239124a79bba3d1c379d7d5ed (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Journal of Information Architecture (1903-7260) 2023-04-19T10:59:50Z Universidad de Málaga urn:uuid:f5fb6fe03c51410db1a1c457c864205e (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Universidad de Málaga Added to DOAJ on 19 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Philosophy (General)

Estudios Nietzsche (2340-1494, 1578-6676) 2023-04-19T10:57:49Z Instytut Historyczny, Uniwersytet Wrocławski urn:uuid:9125061e575449b58acba620ec099f3c (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Studia Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi Incohantis (2544-4379) 2023-04-19T10:35:17Z Lodz University Press urn:uuid:18489f196c3e4c6e980848daa6ecee66 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Lodz University Press Added to DOAJ on 19 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Philosophy. Psychology. Religion: Philosophy (General)

Hybris (1689-4286) 2023-04-19T10:23:05Z Universidad Autónoma del Estado México urn:uuid:7824d72db7de46cf997bdc276965451a (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Revista de Medicina e Investigación Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (2594-0600) 2023-04-19T10:19:46Z UCOPress. Universidad de Córdoba urn:uuid:a4b7b466c2b044d394fed145ccbb5638 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by UCOPress. Universidad de Córdoba in Universidad de Córdoba Added to DOAJ on 19 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Language and Literature: Philology. Linguistics: Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar: Translating and interpreting

Skopos (2695-8465) 2023-04-19T10:18:08Z Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Departamento de História urn:uuid:fa80c8710d044089b379136345c40018 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Departamento de História in Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Departamento de História da Pontifícia Added to DOAJ on 18 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: History (General) and history of Europe: History (General)

Projeto História (0102-4442, 2176-2767) 2023-04-18T12:56:46Z Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejon, Escuela de Enfermería urn:uuid:12d6beceec50459c8049c0d2266fd8b9 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejon, Escuela de Enfermería in Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo Added to DOAJ on 18 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Medicine: Nursing

Acc Cietna (2309-8570) 2023-04-18T11:22:50Z Advocate Aurora Health urn:uuid:6762939c09534cf6a5295ca134e810c4 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Advocate Aurora Health Added to DOAJ on 18 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Medicine: Internal medicine: Special situations and conditions: Geriatrics | Medicine: Internal medicine: Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid

Journal of Geriatric Emergency Medicine (2694-4715) 2023-04-18T11:07:22Z Jurusan Perbankan Syariah, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Sultan Amai Gorontalo urn:uuid:3fadc1d1d68c46db9e8fc60416725e38 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Mutanaqishah: Journal of Islamic Banking (2807-8500) 2023-04-18T04:23:44Z EMS Press urn:uuid:3a184cc1b185443d855eb4961b3736b1 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Portugaliae Mathematica (0032-5155, 1662-2758) 2023-04-17T22:43:27Z Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University urn:uuid:02b044ef25734c5b875742cf5da0bf73 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Veterinary Integrative Sciences (2629-9968) 2023-04-17T19:42:55Z Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Núcleo de Investigación y Acción en Juventudes, Universidad de Chile urn:uuid:be50e4a6039d4f17bffd038860261413 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Núcleo de Investigación y Acción en Juventudes, Universidad de Chile in Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Added to DOAJ on 17 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Social Sciences: Social sciences (General) | Social Sciences: Communities. Classes. Races

Última Década (0717-4691, 0718-2236) 2023-04-17T12:34:05Z Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú urn:uuid:b1e49f52f7b2430889ea6b34d1bff2b1 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú Added to DOAJ on 17 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Geography (General) | Science: Geology

William Morris Davis (2675-6900) 2023-04-17T12:30:25Z Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Alberto Hurtado urn:uuid:de275a1fbe4e495093b1e66e20a9bf17 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Persona y Sociedad (0716-730X, 0719-0883) 2023-04-17T09:46:17Z Cahaya Ilmu Cendekia Publisher urn:uuid:ecbd7689e43a4814b0cb71704d9ae404 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Integrated Science Education Journal (2716-3725, 2716-1609) 2023-04-17T08:21:37Z Russian Scientific Research Institute of Land Improvement Problems urn:uuid:ef81770d00694ca4b9d492af7acde391 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Мелиорация и гидротехника (2712-9357) 2023-04-16T16:38:39Z Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Departamento de Trabajo Social urn:uuid:7a026570931f4cac95a8430f0b598a85 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Intervención (0719-1057, 2452-4751) 2023-04-15T16:10:42Z Universidad Miguel de Cervantes, Centro de Estudios en Educación – CESE urn:uuid:076cef4943364615a54da8208f764f07 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Revista Estudios en Educación (2452-4980) 2023-04-15T16:03:43Z German Multidisciplinary Publishing Center urn:uuid:0052ff07f468429aa89b1e4177f58827 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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German Journal of Veterinary Research (2703-1322) 2023-04-14T14:03:39Z Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos urn:uuid:3a76f191ccc24d0d8e8bc10a9063139d (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

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Programación Matemática y Software (2007-3283) 2023-04-14T12:08:09Z Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geofísica urn:uuid:fbe406a432e5457f86e8c2a0f571456d (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geofísica Added to DOAJ on 14 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Science: Physics: Geophysics. Cosmic physics

Geofísica Internacional (0016-7169, 2954-436X) 2023-04-14T12:03:58Z Editorial Agrícola Tuxpan urn:uuid:0b4e92276f0146c183cae247f28759a9 (c) DOAJ 2013. CC BY-SA.

Published by Editorial Agrícola Tuxpan Added to DOAJ on 14 Apr 2023 LCC Subject Category: Agriculture: Animal culture: Veterinary medicine

Revista Biológico Agropecuaria Tuxpan (2007-6940) 2023-04-14T11:59:13Z

https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-copenhagen-1186/articles.atom

tag:theconversation.com,2011:/institutions/university-of-copenhagen-1186/articles The University of Copenhagen 2023-04-24T16:36:09Z tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/203265 2023-04-24T16:36:09Z 2023-04-24T16:36:09Z El inflamasoma, un factor clave y poco conocido de la infertilidad humana <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/522575/original/file-20230424-18-yu0js8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C7076%2C3623&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption> <a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/es/image-illustration/fertility-reproduction-concept-microscopic-sperm-spermatozoa-2108713973">Lightspring / Shutterstock</a></figcaption></figure>Ahora que la covid-19 empieza a estar bajo control, la <a href="https://theconversation.com/es/topics/infertilidad-62761">infertilidad</a> aparece en el horizonte como una nueva pandemia que puede ser todavía más peligrosa para el futuro de la humanidad. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, <a href="https://www.who.int/es/news/item/04-04-2023-1-in-6-people-globally-affected-by-infertility">una de cada seis personas adultas</a> padece esterilidad en el mundo. Se habla mucho de los problemas demográficos y económicos que supondrá la baja natalidad en los países occidentales en un futuro cercano, y de cómo el estilo de vida actual desincentiva la reproducción. Sin embargo, la población apenas está informada sobre las causas de los problemas de fertilidad que truncan los planes de muchas personas que sí deciden tener descendencia pero no pueden. Además, casi ningún sistema de salud público del mundo financia las soluciones disponibles actualmente para prevenir, diagnosticar y tratar la infertilidad, por lo que las personas afectadas tienen que afrontar unos gastos elevadísimos. <h2>¿Por qué se produce?</h2> La <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility">infertilidad</a> se define como una enfermedad del sistema reproductivo, femenino o masculino. Se diagnostica ante la imposibilidad de conseguir un embarazo después de mantener relaciones sexuales habituales como mínimo doce meses sin usar métodos anticonceptivos. Sus causas son múltiples, y entre ellas se cuentan <a href="https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/infertility/conditioninfo/causes/age">la edad</a> (la fertilidad femenina disminuye gradualmente a partir de los 30 años); <a href="https://espanol.nichd.nih.gov/salud/temas/infertility/informacion/estilo-vida">factores ambientales</a> como el estrés, la contaminación, el consumo sustancias tóxicas o la depresión; o las <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5193130/">infecciones de transmisión sexual</a>, desencadenadas por diversos virus, bacterias y hongos. Tampoco hay que olvidar los factores genéticos y las patologías derivadas de ellos. El envejecimiento de los ovarios, el <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33525681/">daño testicular asociado a varicocele</a> (dilatación de las venas del escroto), la <a href="https://theconversation.com/una-posible-explicacion-al-origen-de-la-endometriosis-139334">endometriosis</a>, el síndrome del ovario poliquístico o el aborto espontáneo de repetición son solo algunos ejemplos de estos trastornos que dificultan la reproducción. Y todos tienen un punto en común: la inflamación desempeña un papel muy importante. <h2>Y aquí llega el inflamasoma</h2> La inflamación es una respuesta inmunitaria normal de una parte de nuestro cuerpo a una herida, lesión o infección. Este proceso suele acabar al poco de producirse el daño, ya que en caso de mantenerse durante un tiempo prolongado puede ocasionarnos los inconvenientes ya conocidos de las enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas. Hoy se sabe que mantener el <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107847/">equilibrio</a> entre los mediadores que promueven y evitan la inflamación es fundamental para mantener una fertilidad efectiva. Teniendo en cuenta las bases moleculares de todos los procesos inflamatorios que pueden afectar a nuestra capacidad de reproducirnos, la contribución del inflamasoma es la que más inadvertida ha pasado durante años. Hablamos de un complejo formado por el ensamblaje de muchas proteínas que se encuentra en el <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citosol">citosol</a>, el líquido interno de nuestras células. El inflamasoma forma parte de nuestro sistema inmunológico innato, y su función es activarse cuando reconoce señales de daño o infección e iniciar procesos inflamatorios como respuesta. Clasificado en distintos tipos según cuál sea la proteína “sensora” que identifica dichas señales, el <a href="https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0026-17422017000100042#:%7E:text=El%20inflamosoma%20NLRP3%20se%20encuentran,a%20la%20cinasa%20kB19.">NLRP3</a> es el más conocido y estudiado. Puesto que los inflamasomas juegan un papel fundamental en la iniciación de las respuestas inflamatorias, cualquier alteración en su funcionamiento puede llevar al desarrollo de enfermedades. Y son precisamente esos desequilibrios en la actividad del NLRP3 los que se han asociado a la aparición de dolencias inflamatorias, como las anteriormente citadas, que afectan a nuestra fertilidad. La activación excesiva de este inflamasoma produce <a href="https://theconversation.com/como-se-suicidan-las-celulas-cancerosas-nuevos-hallazgos-podrian-mejorar-los-tratamientos-199206">piroptosis</a>, un tipo de muerte celular programada en respuesta a patógenos intracelulares que genera una gran cantidad de factores proinflamatorios. <h2>Cuando el NLRP3 “sobreactúa”</h2> Diversos estudios han puesto de manifiesto que la “sobreactuación” del inflamasoma NLRP3 juega un papel importante en varios procesos relacionados con la reproducción, como los siguientes: <ul> <li>El aumento de la expresión de NLRP3 con la edad favorece <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7775749/">el envejecimiento ovárico</a> en las mujeres.</li> <li>Su hiperactivación como consecuencia de la desregulación de las hormonas sexuales potencia el desarrollo de la <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36542122/">endometriosis</a>.</li> <li>El síndrome de <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7862815/">ovario poliquístico</a> también sobreactiva el NLRP3, lo que acelera la fibrosis ovárica y afecta a la maduración de los folículos ováricos.</li> <li>Se ha detectado un incremento significativo en la expresión de NLRP3 en el tejido endometrial de mujeres con <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7862815/">aborto espontáneo de repetición y en el plasma de embarazadas con diabetes gestacional</a>.</li> <li>Y, por último, la activación anormal de este inflamasoma se vincula a casos de parto prematuro <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33525681/">daño testicular asociado al varicocele</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2020.00008/full">preclampsia</a> –caracterizada por la aparición de hipertensión y signos de daño hepático o renal después de la 20ª semana de embarazo– y disminución de la <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9150048/">motilidad y producción de los espermatozoides</a>.</li> </ul> En resumen, el inflamasoma desempeña un papel fundamental en el origen de muchos trastornos inflamatorios asociados con un aumento de la infertilidad, tanto en hombres como en mujeres. Entender cómo actúan estos elementos del sistema inmunológico será esencial para buscar nuevas dianas terapéuticas y tratamientos.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/203265/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> Sylwia Dominika Tyrkalska recibe fondos del programa Juan de la Cierva Incorporación de Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (IJC2019-039619-I). Sergio Candel Camacho recibe fondos del Subprograma "Saavedra Fajardo" para la atracción de talento investigador a universidades y centros de investigación de la Región de Murcia (21118/SF/19), procedentes de la Fundación Séneca-Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia.Victoriano Mulero Méndez recibe fondos de Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Fundación Séneca/Agencia Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia, CIBERER/ISCIII, Consejería de Sanidad de la Región de Murcia, y Comisión Europea/H2020. Antonios Georgantzoglou and Carmen Álvarez Santacruz do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Los mecanismos de defensa que promueven la inflamación afectan la fertilidad humana. Y en este proceso desempeña un papel fundamental el inflamasoma, un complejo proteínico que hasta ahora había pasado inadvertido.

Sylwia Dominika Tyrkalska, Investigadora Postdoctoral, Universidad de Murcia Antonios Georgantzoglou, Especialista en Análisis de Imagen, University of Copenhagen Carmen Álvarez Santacruz, Médico Especialista en Otorrinolaringología y Cirujana de Cabeza y Cuello, Investigadora predoctoral, Universidad de Murcia Sergio Candel Camacho, Investigador Saavedra Fajardo, Universidad de Murcia Victoriano Mulero Méndez, Catedrático de Biología Celular, Universidad de Murcia Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/204205 2023-04-20T13:43:45Z 2023-04-20T13:43:45Z Russian 'spy ship' in North Sea raises concerns about the vulnerability of key maritime infrastructure A <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3QFW3kLDo_M">new documentary</a> produced by a consortium of public broadcasters in Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway has revealed what appears to be a profound threat to maritime and undersea energy and data infrastructure in the North Sea and the Baltic region. <a href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/russian-ghost-ships-prepare-sabotage-of-britain-in-the-north-sea-t2gll75t6">The Shadow War</a> includes footage of a Russian research vessel called Admiral Vladimirsky allegedly collecting data on windfarms, gas pipelines, power and internet cables. The film, which has been widely <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/04/19/russia-ukraine-war-spy-ships-europe-energy-infrastructure/">reported in the UK press this week</a>, asserts that Russia is systematically mapping the vulnerabilities of maritime infrastructure in the North Sea. This would enable Russia to learn of any weak spots – for instance, the locations where underwater energy and data cables intersect, making it easier to mount a sabotage attack if the Kremlin deemed it necessary. <div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1648676082244284418"}"></div> These reports don’t tell maritime security experts anything they don’t already know. We have known for a long time that Russian forces are mapping maritime infrastructures, including wind farms, communication cables and pipelines. Indeed, back in the 1990s and 2000s, when Nato and Russia were cooperating on some security issues, Russian spying activities in Nordic waters never stopped. In 2013, I was taken on a Royal Navy vessel to the North Sea where part of its mission was to look out for Russian spy ships. But since the occupation of Crimea by Russia in 2014 these activities <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2021.1907129">have intensified</a>. Across European waters, including in Irish and Portuguese waters and the Mediterranean, <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EXPO_IDA(2022)702557">Russian vessels have been spotted</a> conducting intelligence operations. <h2>Nord Stream sabotage</h2> The <a href="https://theconversation.com/nord-stream-pipeline-sabotage-how-an-attack-could-have-been-carried-out-and-why-europe-was-defenceless-191895">sabotage of the Nord Stream gas pipeline</a> in September 2022, in which a core energy pipeline was destroyed in the Baltic Sea, raised significant concerns in the west about the damage a hostile power could do by destroying or disrupting this important energy or information infrastructure. The culprit behind the Nord Stream sabotage has not yet been identified. But the latest reports show that these worries are justified. <hr> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/nord-stream-pipeline-sabotage-how-an-attack-could-have-been-carried-out-and-why-europe-was-defenceless-191895">Nord Stream pipeline sabotage: how an attack could have been carried out and why Europe was defenceless</a> <hr> Nato and the EU have rolled out ambitious plans for improving the resilience of maritime infrastructure. Nato and the EU created new <a href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_212887.htm">working groups</a> and <a href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_211919.htm?selectedLocale=en">coordination bodies</a> to develop better protection strategies and coordinate between civil and military agencies. In March of this year, the European Commission published an ambitious action plan as part of the updated <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_1483">EU maritime security strategy</a>. It foresees studies to identify the most severe vulnerabilities and better surveillance. But do these plans go far enough? <h2>Why the North Sea is so significant</h2> The gas and oil supplies of the North Sea are an important resource for the entire European energy market. The increasing focus on the production of green energy makes this strategic importance even greater. More than <a href="https://map.4coffshore.com/offshorewind/">40 windfarms</a> are based in the region, and with ideal conditions for wind energy, installations are continuously and rapidly expanding. The North Sea is hence vital to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and lower CO₂ emissions. <figure class="align-center zoomable"> <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/522115/original/file-20230420-26-lqt44u.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Map showing the movements of a Russian ship in the Baltic and North Sea." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/522115/original/file-20230420-26-lqt44u.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/522115/original/file-20230420-26-lqt44u.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=442&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/522115/original/file-20230420-26-lqt44u.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=442&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/522115/original/file-20230420-26-lqt44u.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=442&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/522115/original/file-20230420-26-lqt44u.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=556&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/522115/original/file-20230420-26-lqt44u.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=556&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/522115/original/file-20230420-26-lqt44u.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=556&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a> <figcaption> The documentary tracks the movements of Russia’s ‘spy ship’ the Admiral Vladimirsky. The Shadow War </figcaption> </figure> But given what we now suspect about Russian intelligence and possible sabotage activities, the North Sea now needs to be seen as a vulnerable and critical strategic security space. A concerted act of sabotage, damaging underwater electricity cables, for instance, can do significant harm to energy markets. Cutting underwater data cables can limit internet connectivity including across the Atlantic, since important data cable connect for instance Denmark and the US. Repair at sea is costly as it requires specialised ships, which can only operate if the weather conditions allow. After all the North Sea is a harsh environment. Recent Nato and EU initiatives centre on <a href="https://euobserver.com/opinion/156255">improving surveillance</a>. They aim at getting better at detecting suspicious activities, such as those reported by the Nordic documentary film. Satellites, radar and patrols – including by unmanned vehicles – CCTV on all infrastructure and contributions by maritime users, such as fishermen who report suspicious activity, can do much to <a href="https://www.safeseas.net/themes/mda/">improve the overall awareness</a>. This can assist in rapid responses and can also be a deterrent. Information sharing between states and with the industry is important. Nato, the EU, the UK and Norway need to work closely together, as none of them can handle this on their own. Putting different sources of information together to identify suspicious patterns is needed. <h2>Importance of rapid repair</h2> What often gets too little attention is the question of repair. If an attack occurs, it is vital to be able to fix any damage as quickly as possible in order to return to normal. Not only that, but if there is a demonstrable repair capacity in the region it reduces the strategic value – and hence the likelihood – of such an attack. But as of now, these key repair capacities – such as specialised repair vessels and cable depots are <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EXPO_IDA(2022)702557">severely limited in Europe</a>. New models of how security policy and the industry can work together to develop strategic repair capacities are required. These might be public-private partnerships that operate repair ships and provide contingency for crisis situations. This would have the dual benefit of enhancing repair capacity and, perhaps, at the same time will give an opportunity to enhance the efficiency of infrastructure by reducing repair times in the North Sea and elsewhere more generally.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/204205/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> Christian Bueger receives funding from the Velux Foundation to carry out research on maritime infrastructures.

A new documentary has tracked a Russian vessel apparently collecting data on energy and communications infrastructure in the North Sea and Baltic.

Christian Bueger, Professor of International Relations, University of Copenhagen Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/200945 2023-03-09T06:18:04Z 2023-03-09T06:18:04Z 1 triliun dolar yang tersembunyi: semakin melambungnya aliran keuntungan perusahaan multinasional ke surga pajak <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/514402/original/file-20230309-16-9ll3ha.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C8%2C6000%2C3979&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption>Berada di Bahama rasanya seperti di surga, apalagi bagi perusahaan multinasional yang menghindari membayar pajak. <a class="source" href="https://unsplash.com/photos/UNFK2n_igbo">Trent Erwin/Unsplash</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></figcaption></figure>Sekitar satu dekade yang lalu, negara-negara dengan perekonomian terbesar di dunia sepakat untuk <a href="https://www.oecd.org/g20/summits/los-cabos/">menindak penyalahgunaan tax havens atau surga pajak (wilayah pemberi suaka pajak)</a> oleh perusahaan-perusahaan multinasional. Kesepakatan ini menghasilkan <a href="https://doi.org/10.1787/23132612">15 poin rencana aksi</a> untuk membendung praktik yang melindungi sebagian besar keuntungan perusahaan dari otoritas pajak. Namun, berdasarkan estimasi kami, rencana aksi tersebut tak membuahkan hasil. Alih-alih mengekang penggunaan tax havens - seperti Bahama dan Kepulauan Cayman yang tarif pajaknya sangat rendah atau bahkan tidak ada - permasalahan malah semakin pelik. <a href="https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2022/254-6">Perhitungan kami</a> menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan-perusahaan di dunia mengalihkan hampir US$ 1 triliun (Rp 15.436 triliun) keuntungan mereka ke surga pajak pada 2019. Angka ini naik dari $616 miliar pada 2015, setahun sebelum <a href="https://doi.org/10.1787/23132612">rencana aksi surga pajak global</a> diterapkan oleh kumpulan negara yang tergabung dalam G20. <a href="https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2022/254-6">Dalam penelitian terbaru</a>, kami menghitung laba berlebih yang dilaporkan di tax havens, tapi tak dapat dijelaskan oleh aktivitas ekonomi biasa seperti ketenagakerjaan dan pabrik-pabrik di negara tersebut. Temuan kami – detailnya dapat diakses <a href="https://missingprofits.world">di database publik kami</a>, lengkap dengan data dan peta interaktif – menunjukkan adanya pola pergeseran artifisial catatan laba yang mencolok oleh korporasi ke surga pajak. Praktik ini berlangsung sejak dekade 1980-an. <h2>Penindakan global</h2> Pada Juni 2012, dunia memulai upaya mengekang praktik penghindaran pembayaran pajak oleh korporasi melalui pemanfaatan tax havens. Ketika itu, dalam <a href="https://www.oecd.org/g20%20/summits/los-cabos/">pertemuan G20 di Los Cabos, Meksiko</a>, para pemimpin dunia bersepakat untuk mengambil tindakan. Organisasi Kerjasama dan Pembangunan Ekonomi (OECD), kelompok 37 negara yang perekonomiannya berorientasi pasar, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1787/23132612">mengembangkan 15 langkah konkret</a> yang dipercaya dapat mengurangi praktik penghindaran pajak korporasi secara signifikan. Ini termasuk membuat seperangkat aturan pajak internasional dan menindak praktik pajak yang berbahaya. Pada 2015, G20 secara resmi mengadopsi rencana aksi tersebut dan penerapannya pun dimulai di penjuru dunia setahun setelahnya. Selain itu, setelah bocornya <a href="https://www.icij.org/investigations/panama-papers/">Panama Papers</a> dan <a href="https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers%20/">Paradise Papers</a> – yang menyoroti praktik penghindaran pajak oleh perusahaan – amarah publik menyebabkan <a href="https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/tax-cuts-and-jobs-act-a-comparison-for-%20bisnis">pemerintah di Amerika Serikat (AS)</a> dan Eropa untuk memulai upaya mereka sendiri dengan menurunkan insentif bagi mereka yang mengalihkan labanya ke surga pajak. <h2>Melonjaknya pengalihan keuntungan</h2> <a href="https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2022/254-6">Penelitian kami</a> menunjukkan bahwa upaya-upaya ini hanya berdampak kecil. Kami menemukan bahwa pada 2019, bisnis-bisnis multinasional terbesar di dunia mengalihkan 37% keuntungan – atau $969 miliar – yang mereka peroleh di luar negara asal mereka ke surga pajak. Persentase ini naik dari sekitar 20% pada 2012, ketika para pemimpin G20 bertemu di Los Cabos dan bersepakat untuk mengambil tindakan. Pada 1970-an, pengalihan keuntungan tersebut hanya bertengger di kisaran 2%. Alasan utama dibalik lonjakan besar tersebut adalah pertumbuhan industri penghindaran pajak pada tahun 1980-an dan kebijakan AS untuk mempermudah pengalihan keuntungan dari negara dengan pajak tinggi ke surga pajak. <iframe id="wP1wk" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/wP1wk/3/" height="400px" width="100%" style="border: none" frameborder="0"></iframe> Kami juga memperkirakan bahwa sebagai akibatnya, negara-negara kehilangan pemasukan pajak yang nilainya setara 10% dari total pendapatan perusahaan pada 2019. Pada 1970-an, angka ini kurang dari 0,1%. Pada 2019, total kerugian pajak pemerintah secara global mencapai $250 miliar. Perusahaan-perusahaan multinasional asal AS menyumbang sekitar setengahnya, diikuti oleh Inggris dan Jerman. <iframe id="FUJ51" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/FUJ51/4/" height="400px" width="100%" style="border: none" frameborder="0"></iframe> <h2>Pajak minimum global</h2> Bagaimana para pembuat kebijakan bisa memperbaiki hal ini? Sejauh ini, negara-negara di dunia mencoba menyelesaikan persoalan ini dengan memotong atau menghapus pajak perusahaan, meskipun dengan cara yang sangat bertahap. Dalam 40 tahun terakhir, tarif pajak perusahaan global <a href="http://globaltaxation.world/">turun dari 23% menjadi 17%</a>. Pada saat yang sama, pemerintah negara-negara cenderung mengandalkan <a href="https://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/PikettySaezZucman2022RKT.pdf">pajak konsumsi</a> yang bersifat regresif (tetap tanpa memperhatikan nominal aset yang dikenai pajak) dan cenderung meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan. Namun, akar dari pengalihan keuntungan adalah insentif yang diberikan oleh negara surga pajak, seperti tarif pajak perusahaan yang rendah atau pengenaannya yang lunak. Menurut perkiraan kami, jika negara-negara dapat menyepakati <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24437292">tarif minimum global untuk pajak perusahaan</a> dari, katakanlah 20%, masalah pengalihan keuntungan akan sebagian besar hilang dan suaka pajak pun akan lenyap. Mekanisme ini persis yang ditandatangani lebih dari <a href="https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/130-countries-and-jurisdictions-join-bold-new-framework-for-international-%20tax-reform.htm">130 negara pada 2021</a>, dengan penerapan pajak minimum 15% yang akan dimulai pada 2024 di Uni Eropa, Inggris, Jepang, Indonesia, dan banyak negara lainnya. Meskipun <a href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-biden-poland-2577a450b3cb18f325d61e9920e2593d">Pemerintahan Joe Biden di AS telah membantu mempelopori</a> upaya global untuk menerapkan pajak, AS <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/15/manchin-rejects-global-tax-plan-00046103">sendiri belum mampu</a> meloloskan undang-undangnya lewat kongres. Riset kami menyarankan perlunya menerapkan jenis reformasi pajak demi mengembalikan keuntungan perusahaan yang semakin besar mengalir ke surga pajak – alih-alih dikenai pajak oleh pemerintah tempat mereka beroperasi dan mendulang uang.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/200945/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> Ludvig Wier juga menjabat sebagai Kepala Sekretariat Kementerian Keuangan Denmark, memegang gelar PhD dari Universitas Kopenhagen dan melakukan penelitian untuk UNU-WIDER, yang menyediakan dana untuk penelitian dasar dalam artikel ini. Pandangan yang diungkapkan dalam tulisan ini adalah milik penulis, dan tidak mencerminkan pandangan Kementerian Keuangan Denmark, UNU-WIDER, United Nations University, maupun donor program/proyeknya. Semua data tersedia secara daring di <a href="https://missingprofits.world">https://missingprofits.world</a>.Gabriel Zucman menerima dana dari Stone Foundation, Carnegie Foundation, European Research Council, dan European Commission grant TAXUD/2020/DE/326.

Penelitian baru menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan mengalihkan catatan keuntungan mereka ke surga pajak, meskipun telah ada upaya global untuk menindak praktik tersebut.

Ludvig Wier, External Lecturer of Economics, University of Copenhagen Gabriel Zucman, Associate Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/200034 2023-02-23T19:57:31Z 2023-02-23T19:57:31Z $1 trillion in the shade – the annual profits multinational corporations shift to tax havens continues to climb and climb <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/512027/original/file-20230223-2492-ja174s.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=45%2C32%2C1033%2C685&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption>Looks like paradise – especially if you're a multinational corporation in need of a tax haven. <a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/relaxing-on-hammock-after-a-beach-day-in-the-royalty-free-image/897476216?phrase=cayman%20islands">LeoPatrizi/E+ via Getty Images</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="align-center "> <img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/512024/original/file-20230223-18-7m6a9x.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/512024/original/file-20230223-18-7m6a9x.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=255&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/512024/original/file-20230223-18-7m6a9x.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=255&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/512024/original/file-20230223-18-7m6a9x.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=255&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/512024/original/file-20230223-18-7m6a9x.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=321&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/512024/original/file-20230223-18-7m6a9x.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=321&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/512024/original/file-20230223-18-7m6a9x.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=321&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"> <figcaption> <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">CC BY-NC-ND</a> </figcaption> </figure> About a decade ago, the world’s biggest economies <a href="https://www.oecd.org/g20/summits/los-cabos/">agreed to crack down</a> on multinational corporations’ abusive use of tax havens. This <a href="https://doi.org/10.1787/23132612">resulted in a 15-point action plan</a> that aimed to curb practices that shielded a large chunk of corporate profits from tax authorities. But, according to our estimates, it hasn’t worked. Instead of reining in the use of tax havens – countries such as the Bahamas and Cayman Islands with very low or no effective tax rates – the problem has only gotten worse. <a href="https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2022/254-6">By our reckoning</a>, corporations shifted nearly US$1 trillion in profits earned outside of their home countries to tax havens in 2019, up from $616 billion in 2015, the year before the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1787/23132612">global tax haven plan was implemented</a> by the group of 20 leading economies, also known as the G-20. <a href="https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2022/254-6">In a new study</a>, we measured the excessive profits reported in tax havens that cannot be explained by ordinary economic activity such as employees, factories and research in that country. Our findings – which you can explore in more detail along with the data and an interactive map in <a href="https://missingprofits.world">our public database</a> – show a striking pattern of artificial shifting of paper profits to tax havens by corporations, which has been relentless since the 1980s. <h2>Global crackdown</h2> The current effort to curb the legal corporate practice of using tax havens to avoid paying taxes began in June 2012, when world leaders at the <a href="https://www.oecd.org/g20/summits/los-cabos/">G-20 meeting in Los Cabos, Mexico</a>, agreed on the need to do something. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, a group of 37 democracies with market-based economies, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1787/23132612">developed a plan that consisted</a> of 15 tangible actions it believed would significantly limit abusive corporate tax practices. These included creating a single set of international tax rules and cracking down on harmful tax practices. In 2015, the G-20 adopted the plan officially, and implementation began across the world the following year. In addition, following leaks like the <a href="https://www.icij.org/investigations/panama-papers/">Panama Papers</a> and <a href="https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/">Paradise Papers</a> – which shed light on dodgy corporate tax practices – public outrage led <a href="https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/tax-cuts-and-jobs-act-a-comparison-for-businesses">governments in the U.S.</a> and Europe to initiate their own efforts to lower the incentive to shift profits to tax havens. <h2>Profit-shifting soars</h2> <a href="https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2022/254-6">Our research shows</a> all these efforts appear to have had little impact. We found that the world’s biggest multinational businesses shifted 37% of the profits – or $969 billion – they earned in other countries (outside the headquarter country) to tax havens in 2019, up from about 20% in 2012 when G-20 leaders met in Los Cabos and agreed to crack down. The figure was less than 2% back in the 1970s. The main reasons for the large increase were the growth of the tax avoidance industry in the 1980s and U.S. policies that made it easier to shift profits from high-tax countries to tax havens. <iframe id="wP1wk" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/wP1wk/3/" height="400px" width="100%" style="border: none" frameborder="0"></iframe> We also estimate that the amount of corporate taxes lost as a result reached 10% of total corporate revenue in 2019, up from less than 0.1% in the 1970s. In 2019, the total government tax loss globally was $250 billion. U.S. multinational corporations alone accounted for about half of that, followed by the U.K. and Germany. <iframe id="FUJ51" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/FUJ51/4/" height="400px" width="100%" style="border: none" frameborder="0"></iframe> <h2>Global minimum tax</h2> How do policymakers fix this? So far, the world as a whole has been trying to solve this problem by cutting or scrapping corporate taxes, albeit in a very gradual way. In the past 40 years, the global effective corporate tax rate <a href="http://globaltaxation.world/">has fallen from 23% to 17%</a>. At the same time, governments have relied more heavily on <a href="https://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/PikettySaezZucman2022RKT.pdf">consumption taxes</a>, which are regressive and tend to increase income inequality. But the root cause of profit-shifting is the incentives involved, such as generous or lenient corporate tax rates in other countries. If countries could agree on a <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24437292">global minimum corporate tax rate</a> of, say, 20%, the problem of profit-shifting would, in our estimation, largely disappear, as tax havens would simply cease to exist. This type of mechanism is exactly what more than <a href="https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/130-countries-and-jurisdictions-join-bold-new-framework-for-international-tax-reform.htm">130 countries signed onto in 2021</a>, with implementation of a 15% minimum tax set to begin in 2024 in the EU, U.K., Japan, Indonesia and many other countries. While the <a href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-biden-poland-2577a450b3cb18f325d61e9920e2593d">Biden administration has helped spearhead</a> the global effort to implement the tax, the U.S. <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/15/manchin-rejects-global-tax-plan-00046103">has notably not been able</a> to get legislation through Congress. Our research suggests implementing this type of tax reform is necessary to reverse the shift of ever-greater amounts of corporate profits going to tax havens – instead of being taxed by the governments where they operate and create value.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/200034/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> Ludvig Wier is also Head of Secretariat at the Danish Ministry of Finance, holds a PhD from the University of Copenhagen and does research for UNU-WIDER, which provided funding for the underlying research in this story. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Ministry of Finance of Denmark, UNU-WIDER, the United Nations University, nor its program/project donors. All data are available online at <a href="https://missingprofits.world">https://missingprofits.world</a>.Gabriel Zucman receives funding from the Stone Foundation, the Carnegie Foundation, the European Research Council, and the European Commission grant TAXUD/2020/DE/326.

New research shows that companies are shifting record amounts of their profits to tax havens, despite a global effort to crack down on the practice.

Ludvig Wier, External Lecturer of Economics, University of Copenhagen Gabriel Zucman, Associate Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/195219 2023-01-26T13:32:06Z 2023-01-26T13:32:06Z It'll take 150 years to map Africa's biodiversity at the current rate. We can't protect what we don't know <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/504614/original/file-20230116-12-2bq5kf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption>Niassa Special Reserve in Northern Mozambique's is just one of the continent's under-mapped biodiversity areas. Harith Omar Morgadinho Farooq</figcaption></figure>The African continent is bursting with biodiversity. In <a href="https://www.cbd.int/gbo/gbo4/outlook-africa-en.pdf">a 2016 report</a>, the United Nations Environment Programme wrote: <blockquote> Africa’s biomes extend from mangroves to deserts, from Mediterranean to tropical forests, from temperate to sub-tropical and montane grasslands and savannas, and even to ice-capped mountains. </blockquote> About a quarter of the world’s species of plants and animals are found on the continent. But biodiversity isn’t just beautiful. We need it to survive. Different species and biomes provide ecosystem services to humans: food, clothing, potable water and the very air we breathe. The disappearance of a seemingly unimportant animal, like a certain species of bee, may result in the extinction of certain plant species. That, in turn, affects humans and other species. <a href="https://theconversation.com/cop15-biodiversity-summit-in-montreal-canada-failed-to-meet-its-2020-conservation-targets-will-2030-be-any-better-195347">Experts have estimated</a> that each country, globally, must protect the biodiversity of 30% of its territory by 2030 to at least mitigate the effects of ongoing environmental damage. But we found in <a href="https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/70/3/623/6030962">a recent study</a> that huge swathes of Africa remain unstudied and their species undocumented. Why? Because scientists keep returning to areas whose biodiversity has already been mapped, rather than visiting new, unexplored areas. We show that at the current rate of discovery it may take more than 150 years to visit every 100km x 100km area in Africa even once. And, our analysis suggests, one visit won’t be enough. It may take up to 27 field expeditions to document just 50% of an area’s existing species. If scientists don’t start venturing outside well-mapped areas, thousands of new species will remain undocumented. Adequate data is crucial to identifying and delineating species boundaries, understanding spatial biodiversity patterns and effectively promoting species conservation. We cannot protect what we don’t know. <h2>Assessing the data</h2> <figure class="align-center "> <img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/505539/original/file-20230120-14-j71362.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/505539/original/file-20230120-14-j71362.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=225&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/505539/original/file-20230120-14-j71362.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=225&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/505539/original/file-20230120-14-j71362.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=225&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/505539/original/file-20230120-14-j71362.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=283&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/505539/original/file-20230120-14-j71362.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=283&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/505539/original/file-20230120-14-j71362.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=283&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"> <figcaption> All of the uncoloured areas on these maps of Africa show parts of the continent where the study didn’t find any scientific expeditions. Authors supplied </figcaption> </figure> Our estimates are based only on birds, mammals and amphibians — three well-studied groups. The knowledge bias and spatial patterns we report are likely to be considerably worse for other already under-described groups such as <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1110319108">plants</a>, <a href="https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.9.888">fungi</a> and <a href="http://ecologylabs.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Estimate-of-insect-species.pdf">insects</a>. We wanted to use data to produce visuals of the continent’s unstudied or under-studied areas. Usually when scientists go to the field, they collect specimens which end up in museums and then show up on the museums’ databases. These databases have been aggregated into one by the <a href="https://www.gbif.org/">Global Biodiversity Information Facility</a>, so all the data sets can be accessed at once. This was the source of our data and meant we were counting scientific expeditions, a better representation of species mapping than, for instance, researchers’ anecdotes or a random sample of journal articles. To estimate the number of expeditions in each 100km x 100km grid cell in Africa, a standard method for conducting analyses of this sort, we counted the number of years which had at least one collection involving either amphibians, mammals or birds. So, a value of five, for instance, shows that there were collections made by scientists in five different years. Then we applied statistical tools that use the current rate to model the future trend if the behaviour (the rate of expeditions) stays the same. Our results emphasise that current practice is insufficient to adequately classify and map African biodiversity. This can result in misleading and self-reinforcing conservation priorities: areas are considered to be of high conservation value largely because they are better surveyed rather than because they are actually more diverse. <h2>Pushing for change</h2> There are ways to improve this situation. Agencies, companies and philanthropists that fund research should actively promote projects that aim to sample areas where baseline biodiversity data is lacking. Researchers should, meanwhile, increase the taxonomic and methodological scope of their collection efforts. Given the logistical and legislative challenges of carrying out fieldwork across most of Africa, we urge scientists to collaborate with specialists in different institutions and with varied taxonomic expertise to responsibly sample the maximum possible number of taxa – in full or as tissue samples, especially for endangered or large species. There’s also a need for scientists to engage with each other beyond borders. Biological sampling in Africa has, to <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/110154">a large extent</a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.05926">been carried out</a> by European and North American institutions. Researchers from institutions in those regions need to collaborate with local universities, rather than just using locals as field assistants. At a government level, the process for sampling permits should be made transparent and available online for every country in the continent, to encourage and streamline biodiversity research.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/195219/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Huge swathes of Africa remain unstudied and their species undocumented.

Harith Omar Morgadinho Farooq, Post-doc, University of Copenhagen Søren Faurby, Senior Lecturer in Zoology, University of Gothenburg Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/195238 2022-12-06T17:24:46Z 2022-12-06T17:24:46Z How the pandemic affected our approach to reading and interpretation of books <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/498226/original/file-20221130-18-6532fu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=74%2C0%2C3393%2C1707&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption> <a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/bookcrossing-concept-happy-people-exchanging-borrowing-2031737963">GoodStudio/Shutterstock</a></figcaption></figure>During the pandemic, reading took on new meaning. People turned to books for comfort. Some read to confront difficult issues, especially following the murder of George Floyd in 2020. Others used reading as a way to care for their children in locked-down houses. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/mar/25/book-sales-surge-self-isolating-readers-bucket-list-novels">Sales figures and lending data</a> showed a huge spike in people buying and borrowing books. We wanted to follow the stories of real readers and <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/reading-novels-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-9780192857682?q=reading%20novels%20during%20the%20pandemic&lang=en&cc=dk">our new book</a> uses a rare combination of literary analysis and qualitative interviewing to capture these dynamics of reception. While many commentators at the beginning of the pandemic <a href="https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2020/03/9581961/long-books-to-read-in-quarantine">endorsed reading</a> as a straightforward way to relax, our readers showed that the practice morphed and took on new forms and meanings. Based on hundreds of survey responses and hours of reader interviews from Denmark and the UK, the study makes the interpretation of literature something dynamic and ongoing. And it suggests that readers themselves are agents of meaning, even in the case of novels that seem the most stable in our culture. Reading during the pandemic showed how books and their meanings change. Novels that we think of as settled in their significance acquire new meaning as they are read under unfolding conditions, exposed to the vagaries of history. In our research we show how Albert Camus’s The Plague became an unlikely hit in 2020, how the affordances of Sally Rooney’s romantic fiction seemed suddenly to apply to the lovers unable to meet, and how long novels that had intimidated pre-pandemic readers became lifelines in their heft. <h2>Tricky reading</h2> For many people, reading became more difficult during this time. Far from giving everyone uninterrupted time to attend to long novels by authors like Tolstoy, lockdown exacerbated the separations and challenges of everyday life. Take Jane Eyre, a novel that many readers picked up during lockdown because it was on their shelves. Suddenly, this classic seemed to be a novel about a woman locked in small rooms and living through a cholera epidemic. Many also took it up under conditions that overlapped directly with the book’s scenes of homeschooling. One respondent called Phoebe, for instance, deliberately avoided rereading Jane Eyre for these reasons. Charlotte Brontë’s classic novel of loneliness and love was, in 2020, “too creepy”. The story of Jane being locked up made her feel unsafe while she lived alone through lockdown in the confines of her own room. Another interviewee, Alexandra, was troubled by the idea of reading Hilary Mantel’s bestseller The Mirror and the Light, explaining: <blockquote> I knew that I would be saying goodbye to Sir Thomas Cromwell […] I looked at it and I thought, what if I die before I get to the end of this? It will be the most unsatisfactory experience. </blockquote> Rather than sizing up the third part of Mantel’s intimate portrayal of the life of Thomas Cromwell as offering the ideal opportunity for narrative immersion, Alexandra viewed the very thickness of the book as problematic. Her intense fear of death in the pandemic and expectation of Cromwell’s literary demise converge on the length of narrative, which stretches into a future that had become harder to face. <h2>Slipperiness of time</h2> For the reader caught up in a global pandemic, a novel like The Plague, Albert Camus’s famous story of a town suffering a deadly virus, reads differently than it usually would for, say, the school student of French literature. One interviewed reader, for instance, discussed the novel’s temporal slipperiness. Normally, of course, the very lack of measurable time would suggest the novel as an allegory – untied to a particular time, a warning of dark political forces turning up and spreading at any moment. But in 2020, when time <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-philosophical-idea-that-can-help-us-understand-why-time-is-moving-slowly-during-the-pandemic-151250">felt like it was moving oddly</a> The Plague’s confused sense of time felt realistic, as if it were mimicking our lived experience of a pandemic. <figure class="align-center "> <img alt="A book in a tropical setting." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/498244/original/file-20221130-26-7rehn5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/498244/original/file-20221130-26-7rehn5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/498244/original/file-20221130-26-7rehn5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/498244/original/file-20221130-26-7rehn5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/498244/original/file-20221130-26-7rehn5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/498244/original/file-20221130-26-7rehn5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/498244/original/file-20221130-26-7rehn5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"> <figcaption> The Plague’s allegorical story felt mor real in 2020. <a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/setif-algeria-august-24-2022-close-2194820509">Hamdi Bendali/Shutterstock</a> </figcaption> </figure> Yet, it would be a mistake to assume all readers suddenly ditched allegory for realism or real-life correspondence. As Kirsten, a Danish woman in her 30s, explained: <blockquote> I ended up buying The Plague because I was more interested in the metaphorical portrait of the occupation (of France by the Nazis) than in what epidemics do to a society. </blockquote> By following real readers, our study provides a snapshot of a phenomenal moment in modern history and shows the movement of readers between new purchases and books long kept in their collections. By exploring these varied experiences, we investigated the larger question of how the consumption of novels depends on and shapes people’s experience of non-work time, providing a specific lens through which to examine the experience of reading more generally. Perhaps most importantly, it demonstrates the dynamic process of reading and the ways in which books change depending on where and when they are read and by whom.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/195238/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> <a href="mailto:ben.davies@port.ac.uk">ben.davies@port.ac.uk</a> received funding for this project from The Carlsberg Foundation. In summer 2022, he received new funding from the Council for the Defence of British Universities. <a href="mailto:tinalup@hum.ku.dk">tinalup@hum.ku.dk</a> receives funding from the Carlsberg Foundation

Classic books like Jane Eyre took on new meanings while the lengths of others made us aware of our mortality.

Ben Davies, Senior lecturer in Literature and Theory, University of Portsmouth Christina Lupton, Professor of English, Germanic, and Romance languages., University of Copenhagen Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/195477 2022-11-30T09:11:42Z 2022-11-30T09:11:42Z Ending HIV as a public health threat – 3 essential reads <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/497976/original/file-20221129-24-kfmdkj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption> Shutterstock</figcaption></figure>In 2014 the United Nations set an <a href="https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2014/november/20141118_PR_WAD2014report">ambitious goal</a>: to end the AIDS pandemic by the year 2030. There have been significant advances in HIV treatment and prevention. Access to antiretroviral therapy has saved millions of lives. The UN estimates that since 2010 there’s been a <a href="https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet">52%</a> decrease in AIDS-related deaths. New infections have also fallen drastically. But we’re far from out of the woods. A recent <a href="https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2022/in-danger-global-aids-update">report</a> warns that this progress is in danger if current conditions of inequality prevail. Experts across the board have identified inequality as a major challenge to efforts to end AIDS. Over the years public health experts have written numerous articles for The Conversation Africa about the drivers of this pandemic. We’ve selected three here which highlight the complexity of the problem. <h2>Addressing inequalities</h2> UNAIDS executive director Winnie Byanyima <a href="https://theconversation.com/head-of-unaids-unpacks-the-knock-on-effects-of-covid-19-and-what-needs-to-be-done-168909">argues</a> that HIV, like COVID, feeds off inequalities. In an interview with Imraan Valodia, head of the Southern Centre for Inequality Studies at South Africa’s University of the Witwatersrand, Byanyima highlights how women who don’t have access to basic rights such as health and education pay the price in poverty, ill health and sometimes even death. <hr> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/head-of-unaids-unpacks-the-knock-on-effects-of-covid-19-and-what-needs-to-be-done-168909">Head of UNAIDS unpacks the knock-on effects of COVID-19. And what needs to be done</a> <hr> <h2>The vulnerability of women and girls</h2> Adolescent girls and young women are particularly vulnerable to HIV infection. It’s estimated that every week 4,900 women between 15 and 24 years old acquire HIV. Women in this age group are twice as likely as their male counterparts to be living with HIV. Unequal gender dynamics often make it difficult for young women to negotiate whether, when, or how they want to have sex. But there is a way for adolescent girls and young women to protect themselves without having to negotiate condom use. Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is a pill containing antiretroviral drugs that can help prevent HIV. Morten Skovdal, associate professor of health psychology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/six-ways-to-improve-hiv-prevention-pill-uptake-among-young-women-in-zimbabwe-184494">asked</a> Zimbabwean healthcare workers for pointers on how to improve access to PrEP for young women. <hr> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/six-ways-to-improve-hiv-prevention-pill-uptake-among-young-women-in-zimbabwe-184494">Six ways to improve HIV prevention pill uptake among young women in Zimbabwe</a> <hr> <h2>Barriers to treatment</h2> The risk of HIV infection and the uptake of treatment or prevention measures are influenced by several factors. These include biology, people’s behaviour and their social contexts. Behavioural scientist Hilton Humphries <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-inequality-drives-hiv-in-adolescent-girls-and-young-women-172624">explains</a> how individuals make decisions about whether to use PrEP, in the context of structural inequalities that sustain risk – things that individuals can’t always control. <hr> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-inequality-drives-hiv-in-adolescent-girls-and-young-women-172624">How inequality drives HIV in adolescent girls and young women</a> <hr> <img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/195477/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />

Experts across the board have identified inequality as a major challenge to efforts to end AIDS.

Ina Skosana, Health + Medicine Editor (Africa edition) Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/195332 2022-11-25T08:25:28Z 2022-11-25T08:25:28Z Conflict in the DRC: 5 articles that explain what's gone wrong <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/497329/original/file-20221125-12-e7oxfk.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption>Military troops drive through Goma in North Kivu, eastern DRC, in November 2022. Augustin Wamenya/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images</figcaption></figure>For nearly three decades, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been embroiled in violence. Millions of people have been killed, and an estimated 5.6 million others displaced by civil wars, local feuds and cross-border conflicts. Studies have identified several reasons for the persistence of war, especially in the volatile east of the country. These include ethnic intolerance, the illegal exploitation of the country’s vast natural resources and a Congolese elite that benefits from the chaos. Neighbouring countries – including Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and <a href="https://www.theafricareport.com/259540/kenyan-peacekeepers-arrive-in-drcs-volatile-east/">most recently Kenya</a> – are locked in the ongoing conflict, which has been termed one of <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34958903">world’s deadliest</a> since the second world war. Much of the current violence is centred in Ituri, North Kivu and South Kivu provinces, which lie on the DRC’s eastern border. Combined, they are about seven times the size of Rwanda. Consolidating peace efforts across the vast territory has proved difficult. Scholars writing for The Conversation Africa have highlighted a range of factors driving the conflict – and the challenges in the way of addressing them. <h2>1. The birth of M23</h2> Since the 1990s, armed groups have been part of the political economy of eastern Congo. Communities created self-defence militias in response to foreign-backed armed groups accused of using war to loot the country’s riches. Over time, armed mobilisation turned into a goal in itself: to make money, to express political power or simply for the youth to cope with the chaos. Today, more than 120 armed groups are present in eastern DRC. One of these is the <a href="https://theconversation.com/m23-four-things-you-should-know-about-the-rebel-groups-campaign-in-rwanda-drc-conflict-195020">March 23 Movement (M23)</a>. Kasper Hoffmann and Christoph Vogel analyse the development of M23 since its beginnings in 2012. <hr> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-m23s-on-and-off-insurgency-tells-us-about-drcs-precarious-search-for-peace-182520">What M23's on-and-off insurgency tells us about DRC's precarious search for peace</a> <hr> <h2>2. Regional dynamics</h2> The DRC has accused Rwanda of violating its sovereignty by supporting M23. A United Nations report supported this contention. Kigali, however, has dismissed the findings as “false allegations”. Tensions between Rwanda and DRC date back to the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. Many of the perpetrators of this violence, which killed about a million Rwandans, fled to the DRC, at the time called Zaire. The post-genocide Rwandan government launched military operations in a bid to force the perpetrators back home to face justice. Rwanda believes the DRC continues to provide refuge for those behind the 1994 massacre. Jonathan Beloff explains why both nations hold old suspicions of each other. <hr> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/rwanda-and-drcs-turbulent-past-continues-to-fuel-their-torrid-relationship-188405">Rwanda and DRC's turbulent past continues to fuel their torrid relationship</a> <hr> <h2>3. The lingering effects of colonialism</h2> Colonial ways of governing indigenous populations sowed seeds of ethnic tension in present-day Congo. Jacob Cloete’s research set out to establish whether a conflict in North Kivu in 1993 that grabbed headlines was the starting point of the current violence in eastern Congo. He argues, however, that it was the culmination of a much older one rooted in Belgian and German colonialism. As he explains: <blockquote> Based on a racist notion popular among African colonialists at the time, the two colonial administrations gave privileged status to some of the local population based on ethnicity. </blockquote> <hr> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-conflicts-intertwined-over-time-and-destabilised-the-drc-and-the-region-185432">How conflicts intertwined over time and destabilised the DRC – and the region</a> <hr> <h2>4. Questioning the UN’s intervention</h2> Over three decades of war, the Congo has received tens of billions of dollars in humanitarian aid and hosts one of the largest United Nations peacekeeping missions. The mission was established in 1999, and its mandate expanded in 2010 to include the protection of civilians. The UN mission has long been blamed for failing to stabilise the country despite more than two decades of intervention. But as Delphin Ntanyoma explains, the UN is being blamed for what should be the DRC government’s responsibility: de-escalating violence and finding long-term solutions. <hr> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-un-is-under-attack-in-eastern-congo-but-drc-elites-are-also-to-blame-for-the-violence-187861">The UN is under attack in eastern Congo. But DRC elites are also to blame for the violence</a> <hr> <h2>5. Rewarding rebellion</h2> Christopher P. Davey’s research into the Banyamulenge – a sub-group of the Congolese Tutsi ethnic group who originally come from the province of South Kivu in eastern DRC – adds to debate on the factors driving Congo’s violence. He argues that the Banyamulenge’s experiences illustrate how violence in the Congo multiplies across borders, blurs the lines between victim and perpetrator, and is used to win a place in government rather than to overthrow it. Davey notes that: <blockquote> I believe that to stop the cycle of violence, the DRC and its regional allies need a new status quo that doesn’t reward rebellion but decreases its appeal. </blockquote> <hr> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/burundis-gatumba-massacre-offers-a-window-into-the-past-and-future-of-the-drc-conflict-191351">Burundi's Gatumba massacre offers a window into the past and future of the DRC conflict</a> <hr> <img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/195332/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />

Consolidating peace efforts across the vast territory has proved difficult for close to three decades. Scholars explain why.

Julius Maina, Regional Editor East Africa Kagure Gacheche, Commissioning Editor, East Africa Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/194061 2022-11-10T08:02:10Z 2022-11-10T08:02:10Z Meski sudah punah 40.000 tahun yang lalu, DNA manusia purba Neandertal masih banyak ditemukan saat ini <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/493923/original/file-20221107-3723-rp0xc6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption> Artist: Tom Björklund / Moesgård Museum, Author provided</figcaption></figure>Neandertal telah menjadi cerminan manusia purba sejak pertama kali ditemukan pada <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/who-were-the-neanderthals.html">tahun 1856</a>. Yang kita ketahui tentang manusia purba Neandertal telah disesuaikan dengan tren budaya, norma sosial, dan standar ilmiah kita. Mereka telah berubah dari spesimen yang berpenyakit, kemudian menjadi sepupu jauh manusia yang lamban, dan akhirnya menjadi <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/rethinking-neanderthals-83341003/">manusia yang lebih modern</a>. Sekarang kita tahu bahwa Homo neanderthalensis sangat mirip dengan kita dan kita bahkan bertemu mereka dan sering melakukan perkawinan silang. Akan tetapi, mengapa hanya mereka yang punah, sementara kita dapat <a href="https://global.oup.com/ukhe/product/the-cradle-of-humanity-9780198704539?cc=gb&lang=en&">bertahan, berkembang, dan akhirnya mengambil alih planet ini</a>? Neandertal berevolusi lebih dari 400.000 tahun yang lalu, kemungkinan besar dari nenek moyang sebelumnya <a href="https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a>. Mereka sangat sukses dan jumlahnya tersebar di banyak wilayah, dari Mediterania ke Siberia. Dengan rata-rata ukuran otak yang <a href="https://www.livescience.com/60481-how-neanderthals-got-such-large-brains.html">lebih besar dari otak Homo sapiens</a>, mereka sangatlah cerdas. Mereka berburu <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-the-neanderthals-may-have-been-more-sophisticated-hunters-than-we-thought-new-study-98870">hewan besar</a>, mengumpulkan tanaman, jamur, dan hewan laut, mengendalikan api untuk memasak, <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1907828116">membuat alat komposit</a>, membuat <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1112261109">pakaian dari kulit binatang</a>, membuat manik-manik dari kerang, dan mampu <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1411529111">mengukir simbol di dinding gua</a>. Mereka merawat anggota muda, tua, dan lemah mereka, menciptakan tempat persembunyian untuk berlindung, hidup melalui musim yang sangat dingin dan musim panas yang hangat, dan mereka menguburkan anggota kelompoknya yang meninggal dunia. Beberapa kali, Neandertal bertemu nenek moyang kita pada selama puluhan ribu tahun dan kedua spesies itu tinggal bersama di benua Eropa setidaknya selama 14.000 tahun. Mereka bahkan <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03335-3">kawin satu sama lain</a>. <figure class="align-center zoomable"> <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Bagan evolusi manusia" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=403&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=403&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=403&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=507&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=507&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=507&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a> <figcaption> Nenek moyang kita hidup kurang dari satu juta tahun yang lalu. Kjærgaard, Nielsen & Maslin, Author provided </figcaption> </figure> <h2>Kematian spesies</h2> Perbedaan paling signifikan antara Neandertal dan kita adalah bahwa mereka punah sekitar 40.000 tahun yang lalu. Meskipun penyebab pasti dari kematian mereka masih belum diketahui, kami pikir itu mungkin hasil dari kombinasi berbagai faktor. Pertama, iklim zaman es terakhir sangat bervariasi. Iklim yang bergeser dari <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04600-9">dingin ke hangat dan kembali dingin</a> memberi tekanan pada hewan dan tanaman sumber makanan. Artinya, Neandertal harus terus-menerus <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jbi.12845">beradaptasi dengan perubahan lingkungan</a>. Kedua, jumlah Neandertal tidak pernah sebanyak itu – populasi keseluruhan mereka tidak pernah melebihi puluhan ribu. Mereka hidup dalam kelompok yang terdiri dari lima hingga 15 individu. Jumlah ini tentunya jauh lebih sedikit jika dibandingkan dengan Homo Sapiens yang memiliki kelompok hingga <a href="https://theconversation.com/our-large-brains-evolved-thanks-to-an-ancient-arms-race-for-resources-and-mates-79183">150 individu</a>. Populasi kecil Neandertal yang terisolasi ini mungkin semakin membuat mereka tidak berkelanjutan secara genetik. Ketiga, kami berspekulasi bahwa banyak Neandertal mungkin telah berasimilasi ke dalam kelompok Homo sapiens yang lebih besar. Hal ini karena adanya persaingan dengan pemangsa lain, khususnya <a href="https://theconversation.com/war-in-the-time-of-neanderthals-how-our-species-battled-for-supremacy-for-over-100-000-years-148205">kelompok manusia modern</a> yang muncul dari Afrika sekitar 60.000 tahun yang lalu. <h2>Mana buktinya?</h2> Puluhan ribu tahun kemudian, kami dapat meneliti banyak jejak yang ditinggalkan oleh Neandertal. Banyak di antara jejak-jejak ini dapat dilihat di pameran khusus yang telah kami bantu kurasi di <a href="https://snm.ku.dk/english/exhibitions/neanderthal/">Natural History Museum of Denmark</a> (Museum Sejarah Alam Denmark) di Denmark. Selama 150 tahun terakhir, kami telah mengumpulkan fosil tulang, batu, dan peralatan kayu, menemukan pernak-pernik dan perhiasan yang mereka tinggalkan, menemukan penguburan, dan sekarang memetakan genom mereka dari DNA purba. Tampaknya, DNA Neandertal dan DNA manusia modern <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03335-3">99,7%</a> identik dan mereka adalah kerabat terdekat kita yang telah punah. Mungkin fakta yang paling mengejutkan adalah bukti <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03335-3">perkawinan silang</a> antara Neandertal dan manusia modern yang telah meninggalkan jejak DNA pada manusia yang hidup saat ini. Banyak orang Eropa dan Asia memiliki antara 1% dan 4% DNA Neandertal, sementara orang Afrika di selatan Sahara hampir nol. Ironisnya, dengan populasi dunia saat ini sekitar 8 miliar orang, artinya DNA Neandertal di Bumi adalah yang terbanyak saat ini. <figure class="align-center zoomable"> <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Lukisan manusia Neanderthal" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=737&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=737&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=737&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=926&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=926&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=926&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a> <figcaption> 99.7% manusia. Artist: Tom Björklund / Moesgård Museum, Author provided </figcaption> </figure> Dengan adanya bukti bahwa beberapa Neandertal berevolusi dengan kulit pucat dan rambut merah jauh sebelum Homo sapiens, genom Neandertal juga membantu untuk lebih memahami seperti apa rupa mereka. Banyaknya gen yang dimiliki oleh Neandertal dan manusia modern ini terkait dengan banyak hal, mulai dari kemampuan mencicipi makanan pahit hingga kemampuan berbicara. Pengetahuan tentang kesehatan manusia juga telah meningkat. Misalnya, beberapa DNA Neandertal yang mungkin bermanfaat bagi manusia puluhan ribu tahun yang lalu sekarang tampaknya menimbulkan masalah jika dikombinasikan dengan gaya hidup Barat yang modern. Ada kaitan dengan alkoholisme, obesitas, alergi, pembekuan darah, dan <a href="https://institutions.newscientist.com/article/2077269-our-neanderthal-genes-linked-to-risk-of-depression-and-addiction">depresi</a>. Baru-baru ini, para ilmuwan mengatakan bahwa varian gen purba dari Neandertal dapat meningkatkan risiko <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2026309118">komplikasi serius dari penularan COVID-19</a>. <h2>Mengangkat cermin</h2> Seperti dinosaurus, Neandertal tidak tahu apa yang akan terjadi. Bedanya, dinosaurus menghilang tiba-tiba setelah hantaman meteorit raksasa dari luar angkasa. Sebaliknya, kepunahan Neandertal terjadi secara bertahap. Sebuah persinggahan nyaman yang telah mereka tempati selama ratusan ribu tahun yang perlahan berbalik melawan mereka, hingga keberadaan itu sendiri tidak berkelanjutan. Akhirnya, mereka kehilangan dunia mereka. Dengan ini, Neandertal sekarang memiliki tujuan yang berbeda. Kita melihat bayangan kita di dalamnya. Mereka tidak tahu apa yang terjadi pada mereka dan mereka tidak punya pilihan selain terus menyusuri perjalanan yang akhirnya mengantarkan mereka menuju kepunahan. Di sisi lain, kita sangat menyadari situasi kita saat ini dan dampak yang kita miliki pada planet ini. Aktivitas manusia <a href="https://theconversation.com/climate-change-how-bad-could-the-future-be-if-we-do-nothing-159665">mengubah iklim</a> dan mengarah langsung ke kepunahan massal yang ke-6. Kita dapat merenungkan kekacauan yang telah kita perbuat dan melakukan sesuatu untuk mengatasinya. Jika kita tidak ingin berakhir seperti Neandertal, sebaiknya kita bertindak dan bekerja bersama untuk mewujudkan masa depan yang lebih berkelanjutan. Kepunahan Neandertal mengingatkan kita bahwa kita harus menghargai keberadaan kita saat ini. <hr> Zalfa Imani Trijatna dari Universitas Indonesia menerjemahkan artikel ini dari bahasa Inggris.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/194061/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> Peter C. Kjærgaard bekerja untuk Natural History Museum of Denmark. Pameran Neanderthal telah menerima dana dari sejumlah yayasan filantropi Denmark.Mark Maslin merupakan Profesor Ilmu Sistem Bumi di UCL dan Natural History Museum of Denmark. Ia merupakan Direktur Pendiri Rezatec Ltd, Co-Direktur London NERC Doctoral Training Partnership, anggota Komite Cheltenham Science Festival Advisory dan anggota Kelompok Penasihat Krisis Iklim. Ia merupakan anggota yang tidak dibayar dari Dewan Sopra-Steria CSR, Sheep Included Ltd, dan Dewan NetZeroNow Advisory. Ia pernah menerima dana dari NERC, EPSRC, ESRC, DFG, Royal Society, DIFD, BEIS, DECC, FCO, Innovate UK, Carbon Trust, UK Space Agency, European Space Agency, Research England, Wellcome Trust, Leverhulme Trust, The Children's Investment Fund Foundation, Sprint2020, dan British Council. Ia pernah menerima dana penelitian dari The Lancet, Laithwaites, Seventh Generation, Channel 4, JLT Re, WWF, Hermes, CAFOD, HP, dan Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors.Trine Kellberg Nielsen adalah Associate Professor Arkeologi Prasejarah di University of Aarhus, Denmark. Ia merupakan pemimpin proyek pada pameran khusus Neanderthal di tempat aslinya di Moesgaard Museum 2020-2021, Aarhus. Ia menerima dana dari Independent Research Fund Denmark.

Inilah yang dapat kita pelajari dari kerabat terdekat kita yang sudah punah.

Denmark has the type of industrial relations system the government wants to move to. It has fewer industrial disputes than Australia, lower unemployment, and similar wages growth.

Chris F. Wright, Associate professor, University of Sydney Russell Lansbury, Emeritus Professor in Work and Organisational Studies, University of Sydney Søren Kaj Andersen, Associate Professor, University of Copenhagen Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/192106 2022-10-12T14:08:31Z 2022-10-12T14:08:31Z Mozambique had no data about snakebites. Our new study filled the gap -- and the results are scary <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/488755/original/file-20221007-7785-4xd2be.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption>The Stiletto Snake is one of the species found in Mozambique. extinctorshy.org - Ali Puruleia</figcaption></figure>Every year between 20,000 and 32,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa die after being <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/snakebite">bitten by snakes</a>. That’s more than five times the number of deaths caused by <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/hippos-flooding-fishing-covid-collide-kenya">hippos</a>, <a href="http://www.crocodile-attack.info/">crocodiles</a>, <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/448169/deadliest-creatures-in-the-world-by-number-of-human-deaths/">elephants, lions and buffalo</a> combined. At least, that’s what the available data suggests. But, the World Health Organization (WHO) <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/324838/9789241515641-eng.pdf#page=17">acknowledges</a>, that statistics – as well as figures related to non-fatal injury and disability caused by snakebites – are incomplete. Not all snakebite victims are treated in hospitals, especially in poorer countries and communities. Some may be treated by traditional doctors. Others may die before receiving any treatment. But without accurate data, it is difficult to see how the WHO will meet its <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/324838/9789241515641-eng.pdf">global target</a> of reducing death and disability from snakebites by 50% by 2030. Without it, it’s difficult to prioritise which countries or regions require financial resources or antivenom, for instance. We wanted to find a different way to quantify snakebites. So my colleagues and I from Mozambique’s Lúrio University embarked on <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004101012200277X">a household survey</a> across nine rural villages in Cabo Delgado Northern Mozambique. Before this, the only existing snakebite data for Mozambique was extrapolated from incidents in other countries in sub-Saharan Africa. This <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0041010118311802">suggested</a> there were 6996 snakebite cases and 319 deaths annually in Mozambique. Our results offer a very different and extremely worrying picture. From our data we extrapolated snakebite figures for the entire area and for Mozambique as a whole. Despite being an underestimation (since we favoured a conservative approach) they increase snakebite incidence levels ten-fold and the number of deaths by 30-fold. Urgent and widespread surveys are needed to further assess the full extent of snakebites in sub-Saharan Africa, explore regional patterns and develop mitigation plans. Obtaining this sort of data is critical: the WHO has placed snakebite in <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31751-8/fulltext">category A</a> (the most severe or urgent) of neglected tropical diseases. Its 2030 target underscores that this is a priority area. But how can this metric be checked without accurate data? <h2>Gathering data</h2> We gathered data from 1037 households. We asked about snakebite incidents in people’s own homes and among their neighbours, as well as details about the species of snake, the symptoms, and what sort of treatment the victim received, if any. <hr> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/snakebites-still-exact-a-high-toll-in-africa-a-shortage-of-antivenoms-is-to-blame-80982">Snakebites still exact a high toll in Africa. A shortage of antivenoms is to blame</a> <hr> There were 296 reported snakebites and most (60%) were treated exclusively by traditional doctors; 15% went to hospitals for treatment and 25% died before reaching any doctor. Using a conservative estimation where we assume our results to be extrapolatable for the whole of rural Mozambique, but considering snakebites in urban areas to be inexistent, we propose that every year in Cabo Delgado, at least 6124 people are victims of snakebites. Of these at least 791 result in deaths. In Mozambique, we extrapolated that every year at least 69,261 people are victims of snakebite; at least 8950 result in death, meaning that one in eight snakebites is fatal. <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1268021/main-causes-of-deaths-in-mozambique/">For comparison</a>, 37,000 people die in Mozambique (which is home to more than 30 million people) each year because of respiratory infections and tuberculosis while 21,000 die from malaria. <a href="https://www.resakss.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/MozSAKSS_ATOR_2010.pdf">Most</a> (68%) of the population live in rural areas and practice subsistence farming for a living. This means that millions of people are exposed to snakebites. The country is home to at least <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13002-021-00493-6">14 snake species of medical importance</a> – those whose bites can kill or lead to limb amputation. This is a fairly standard number of such snakes for the continent’s less tropical regions. The number of medically important snakes in the country, the percentage of people living in rural areas, and the total absence of snakebite incidence data, make Mozambique a good place to focus on when trying to quantify and model snakebite data. <h2>Who gets bitten and where</h2> Some of our other key findings included: <ul> <li>Most bites occurred on farms and during the rainy season (December to April).</li> <li>The type of snake was important when people were choosing between hospitals or traditional doctors. Those bitten by dangerous species such as the <a href="https://www.africansnakebiteinstitute.com/snake/puff-adder/">Puff Adder</a> were usually taken to hospitals. Bites from less dangerous species like the <a href="https://www.africansnakebiteinstitute.com/articles/beware-of-the-stiletto-snake/">Stiletto Snake</a> were taken to traditional doctors. </li> </ul> <hr> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/finally-snakebite-is-getting-more-attention-as-a-tropical-health-issue-131016">Finally, snakebite is getting more attention as a tropical health issue</a> <hr> One exception was made for victims of <a href="https://www.sanbi.org/animal-of-the-week/black-mamba/">Black Mambas</a>. This deadly snake has extremely fast-acting venom: its bite can kill in less than an hour. In the communities we surveyed, Black Mamba victims were usually taken to traditional doctors close to home, to avoid long trips to hospitals up to 20km away and queues at the facilities. <h2>Figures may be higher</h2> It is possible that our figures are too low. That’s because we took a conservative approach when extrapolating data – and because we assumed that every interviewee had 100% recall, as well as assuming a 0% snakebite incidence in urban areas, which make up 30% of the country. So, the figures for snakebite incidence are very likely still an underestimation of the true incidence in both Cabo Delgado and Mozambique more broadly. Local universities should consider using our approach to engage with communities and retrieve household data. This will help researchers and health authorities to assess the full extent of snakebites in sub-Saharan Africa, explore regional patterns and develop mitigation plans. Such mitigation might include training both traditional doctors and hospital staff in snakebite treatment; public education campaigns to encourage people to use hospitals for treating snakebites; and making antivenom widely available. It may also be useful to generate local literature to guide snake identification and share first-aid measures.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/192106/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> Harith Omar Morgadinho Farooq does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Even by conservative estimates, Mozambique’s snakebite figures are far higher than previously thought.

Harith Omar Morgadinho Farooq, Post-doc, University of Copenhagen Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/191895 2022-10-05T09:51:03Z 2022-10-05T09:51:03Z Nord Stream pipeline sabotage: how an attack could have been carried out and why Europe was defenceless Whatever caused the damage to the Nord Stream gas pipelines in the Baltic Sea, it appears to be the first major attack on critical “subsea” (underwater) infrastructure in Europe. It’s now <a href="https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/88062">widely thought</a> – <a href="https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/nato-statement-on-the-damage-to-gas-pipelines/">not least by Nato</a> – that the explosions that led to major leaks in the two pipelines were not caused by accidents. The alliance says they were a deliberate act of sabotage. The attacks occurred in the exclusive economic zones of Denmark and Sweden and demonstrate the risks that Europe’s subsea infrastructures are facing. This raises the question of the vulnerabilities of European pipelines, electricity and internet cables, and other maritime infrastructure. Europe will have to revisit its policies for protecting them. But it is still unclear how the attacks were carried out. The investigations will probably take months to complete, but there are two likely scenarios. A first option is that the attacks could have been carried out as an underwater operation using advanced submarine technology. This implies that we are looking at a state and its navy. Although the attacks took place <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/nord-stream-sabotage-not-an-attack-sweden-foreign-minister-says-2022-09-28/">outside the territorial waters</a> of the Nato members Denmark and Sweden, they could be interpreted as an act of war. The second scenario is an operation launched from a privately owned surface vessel, such as a fishing boat being used as a platform for divers or submersibles to place explosives. In this case, the attack vessel was hiding in everyday maritime traffic. This scenario points us to so called <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14751798.2017.1310702">“grey-zone” tactics</a>: an attack by a group acting indirectly on behalf of state interests. The involvement of any government will then be very difficult to verify. This scenario implies that the Nord Stream attack was likely to have been the first ever recorded grey-zone activity in the European subsea. <div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1574875518612152350"}"></div> Grey-zone tactics are <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2022.2053556">increasingly common at sea</a>, and have been associated with the Iranian Revolutionary Guards <a href="https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-seizes-greek-oil-tankers/31871990.html">seizing ships</a>, or the Chinese fishing fleet <a href="https://www.ccpwatch.org/single-post/china-s-civilian-fishing-fleets-are-still-weapons-of-territorial-control">advancing territorial claims</a>. Grey-zone tactics at sea have not been extensively studied, but similar tactics are well understood in the cyber domain. In that domain it is usually a hacker group operating formally “independent” from governmental agencies that carry out an attack. The comparison to the cyber world is useful as it gives us insights into why the maritime domain is very vulnerable. The sea is more similar to cyberspace than first meets the eye. Like cyberspace, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix174">the sea is crowded</a> with a highly complex set of state and non-state actors and multiple overlapping jurisdictions. That makes it easier to hide, and more difficult to trace and identify responsible actors. The legal ambiguities also raise the question of how to prosecute any perpetrators. <h2>Unregulated space</h2> As our <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2021.1907129">research shows,</a> the subsea is an ocean space that is often forgotten, yet increasingly vital. Pipelines ensure the flow of gas and oil. Electricity cables across Europe and the Mediterranean are key to the green energy revolution. Underwater data cables <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/invisible-and-vital-undersea-cables-and-transatlantic-security#:%7E:text=Sometimes%20described%20as%20the%20%E2%80%9Cworld's,critical%20for%20our%20daily%20lives.">transport 95% of data</a> and ensure digital connectivity. Yet <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EXPO_IDA(2022)702557">Europe has no policy in place</a> that would provide for the surveillance and protection of this underwater infrastructure. Europe is effectively subsea blind. Three European Union agencies – the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), the European Fishery Control Agency (EFCA) and the European Border and Coastguard Agency (Frontex) – address ocean surfaces. But none of them has a mandate to look underwater. These three agencies, however, run a tight surveillance scheme to monitor maritime activities, known as the <a href="https://emsa.europa.eu/cise.html#:%7E:text=The%20Common%20Information%20Sharing%20Environment,to%20conduct%20missions%20at%20sea.">Common Information Sharing Environment</a>. A first step to increase the protection of subsea infrastructure is to draw upon this platform to systematically provide surveillance of suspicious activities on the surface in vicinity to infrastructures and to coordinate patrols. This will help to deter perpetrators and prevent a future grey-zone scenario. <h2>Eye in the sea</h2> Monitoring underwater activities is a more difficult and costly affair. The seabed is a vast space – and cables and pipelines cover thousands of kilometres. The <a href="https://eda.europa.eu/">European Defence Agency</a> runs a number of projects to improve under water surveillance. However, as we have shown <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EXPO_IDA(2022)702557">in a recent report to the European Parliament</a>, not only technological advancement is the route to better resilience. Navies and coastguards need to develop better collaboration with the private industry that operates and maintains underwater infrastructure. Industry holds important data, and is needed to ensure swift responses for any future attack. The EU has a major role to play in enabling this collaboration through its agencies. It must also ensure that industry holds sufficient repair capabilities for cables and pipelines. All of this calls for an explicit underwater policy for the EU and mandating its agencies to contribute to critical maritime infrastructure protection. The ongoing drafting of the new <a href="https://eda.europa.eu/news-and-events/news/2022/06/24/public-consultation-on-eu-maritime-security-strategy">European Union Maritime Security Strategy</a> is a window of opportunity. Initiated in 2022, the purpose of the strategy is to provide direction and ensure coordination between EU institutions and the member state agencies that deal with the maritime. The strategy is expected for 2023. It must address the subsea and outline how underwater infrastructure can be better protected.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/191895/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> Christian Bueger receives funding from the Velux Foundation for a research group on Ocean Infrastructures.

Europe needs to coordinate surveillance of its underwater infrastructure to safeguard vital gas power and data supplies.

Christian Bueger, Professor of International Relations, University of Copenhagen Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/191002 2022-09-30T08:45:47Z 2022-09-30T08:45:47Z Southern European workers lose more than their jobs when they are laid off <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/485590/original/file-20220920-12-v1n0aj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C300%2C2717%2C1504&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption> <a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/es/image-photo/people-walking-against-light-background-urban-104810438">Shutterstock / Artens</a></figcaption></figure>Imagine an Italian and a Danish worker who have very similar qualifications and jobs in a similar industry. Now imagine that they suddenly lose their jobs due to a mass layoff or the closure of their company. Are the consequences of being laid off different for the two workers? We sought to <a href="https://docs.iza.org/dp15033.pdf">answer that question</a> by poring over data spanning seven European countries and a period from the 1980s through the 2010s. Our main takeaway is that losing one’s job has very different implications depending upon the labour market in Europe. <h2>Unequal income losses</h2> First, we sought to harmonise administrative records gathered by social security institutes from our seven country case studies, each of them characterised by different labour market institutions: Austria, Denmark, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. This proved essential for us to compare results and ensure definitions and methodologies were consistent across countries. Second, we used <a href="https://irs.princeton.edu/publications/working-papers/654">a popular research strategy in economics</a> based on the study of events to extract causal effects. That means that for each country, we identified the workers affected by a collective layoff and tracked the evolution of their main labour market outcomes – that is earnings, hourly wage and employment status – for five years before and after the job loss. In order to gauge the impacts of job loss, we compared the employment prospects of laid-off workers with those of equivalent workers who had not been affected by a collective layoff during the same period. Both groups possessed similar demographic characteristics (age and sex), similar earnings prior to the collective layoff and similar working conditions in firms in the same industry. <figure class="align-center zoomable"> <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/486558/original/file-20220926-18-7kqxh7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/486558/original/file-20220926-18-7kqxh7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/486558/original/file-20220926-18-7kqxh7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=282&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486558/original/file-20220926-18-7kqxh7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=282&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486558/original/file-20220926-18-7kqxh7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=282&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486558/original/file-20220926-18-7kqxh7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=354&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486558/original/file-20220926-18-7kqxh7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=354&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486558/original/file-20220926-18-7kqxh7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=354&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a> <figcaption> Figure 1: The impact of job losses on workers’ incomes in several European countries. Author provided </figcaption> </figure> The graph shows that Northern European countries have to contend with the smallest income losses by far: in the five years following the layoff, earnings are almost 10% lower than those observed prior to the event. In contrast, the earnings of workers affected by collective redundancies in Southern Europe (Italy, Portugal and Spain) are around 30% lower. Austrian workers exhibit income losses in the middle of the range between Scandinavian and Southern European countries, while French workers’ income losses are more similar to those in Northern Europe. <h2>Southern Europe takes the hit</h2> Much of this variation in income loss from one country to the next can be explained by different job prospects. About 20% of laid-off workers in Spain, Portugal and Italy do not find a job five years after dismissal. This percentage is only around 5% in Sweden and Denmark, and around 10% in France and Austria. Day wage losses are less dispersed across countries, with most concentrated in a range between 5% and 10% five years after job loss. We investigated whether it is possible that laid-off employees in Southern Europe possess certain characteristics that make them less likely to find a job (eg. if they work in different industries, or are of different age). Our conclusion was negative. Instead, we found wages drop after job loss largely because workers go on to firms and jobs that pay less: the figures varies from around 40% of employees for Spain to more than 95% in Portugal. Finally, we found that <a href="https://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/eeelabchp/5-13.htm">key institutional characteristics</a>, such as the degree of employment protection, the generosity of unemployment benefits, and the extent of active labour market programs may have a significant impact on the job searching of laid-off workers. <h2>Active employment policies are key</h2> Our results suggest that active employment policies, such as training programs, have a bearing upon earnings losses. Three years after job loss, workers’ income took far less of a hit in countries that implemented more training policies. <figure class="align-center zoomable"> <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/486556/original/file-20220926-8481-lmcrod.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/486556/original/file-20220926-8481-lmcrod.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/486556/original/file-20220926-8481-lmcrod.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=281&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486556/original/file-20220926-8481-lmcrod.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=281&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486556/original/file-20220926-8481-lmcrod.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=281&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486556/original/file-20220926-8481-lmcrod.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=353&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486556/original/file-20220926-8481-lmcrod.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=353&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486556/original/file-20220926-8481-lmcrod.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=353&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a> <figcaption> Figure 2: Revenue and expenditure losses in active employment policies. Author provided </figcaption> </figure> We also obtained similar results when we took into account additional demographic characteristics (employer size, age, tenure, gender), employer qualities, and other factors specific to each country or to the particular year of study (such as GDP per capita or unemployment rate). Our results confirm some labour markets appear to function better in some European countries than in others, and that strong labour market institutions can spare workers from the worst effects of collective layoffs.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/191002/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> Edoardo Acabbi receives funding from the Ramón Areces Foundation.Andreas Gulyas, Antoine Bertheau, Cristina Barceló, Raffaele Saggio, and Stefano Lombardi do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Earnings of laid-off workers in southern Europe are 30% lower five years later, while in northern countries the decline is less than 10%. The differences are largely due to the likelihood of finding a new job.

Edoardo Acabbi, Assistant Professor of Finance, Universidad Carlos III Andreas Gulyas, Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Mannheim Antoine Bertheau, Postdoc, University of Copenhagen Cristina Barceló, Economista en la Dirección General de Economía y Estadística, Banco de España Raffaele Saggio, Assistant Professor, University of British Columbia Stefano Lombardi, Senior Researcher, PhD (Econ.), VATT Institute for Economic Research Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/189844 2022-09-18T18:56:45Z 2022-09-18T18:56:45Z Los neandertales se extinguieron hace 40.000 años, pero nunca ha habido más ADN suyo que hoy <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/482473/original/file-20220902-3814-98qvzf.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=1%2C13%2C997%2C1347&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption> Tom Björklund / Moesgård Museum, Author provided</figcaption></figure>Los neandertales han servido como reflejo de nuestra propia humanidad desde que se descubrieron en <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/who-were-the-neanderthals.html">1856</a>. Lo que creemos saber sobre ellos se ha ido moldeando para adaptarlo a nuestras tendencias culturales, normas sociales y estándares científicos. Se consideraron especímenes enfermos. Después, nuestros primitivos primos subhumanos. Ahora nadie duda que fueron <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/rethinking-neanderthals-83341003/">humanos avanzados</a>. Homo neanderthalensis era muy parecido a nosotros, convivimos con ellos, nos cruzamos con frecuencia. Los neandertales se extinguieron, mientras que nosotros <a href="https://global.oup.com/ukhe/product/the-cradle-of-humanity-9780198704539?cc=gb&lang=en&">sobrevivimos, florecimos y acabamos apoderándonos del planeta</a> <h2>Su cerebro era de media más grande que el nuestro</h2> Los neandertales evolucionaron hace más de 400.000 años, probablemente a partir de <a href="https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a>. Tuvieron mucho éxito y se extendieron desde el Mediterráneo hasta Siberia. Eran muy inteligentes, con cerebros de media <a href="https://www.livescience.com/60481-how-neanderthals-got-such-large-brains.html">más grandes que los del Homo sapiens</a>. Desarrollaron estrategias de <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-the-neanderthals-may-have-been-more-sophisticated-hunters-than-we-thought-new-study-98870">caza mayor</a>, recolectaban plantas, hongos y mariscos, controlaban el fuego para cocinar, <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1907828116">fabricaban herramientas compuestas</a>, se vestían <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1112261109">con pieles de animales</a>, hacían cuentas con conchas y eran capaces de <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1411529111">tallar símbolos en las paredes de las cuevas</a>. Cuidaban de sus jóvenes, ancianos y enfermos, creaban refugios para protegerse, soportaban inviernos duros y veranos cálidos, y enterraban a sus muertos. Los neandertales se encontraron con nuestros antepasados en numerosas ocasiones a lo largo de decenas de miles de años. Las dos especies compartieron el continente europeo durante al menos 14.000 años. Incluso <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03335-3">tuvieron relaciones sexuales</a>. <figure class="align-center zoomable"> <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Gráfico de la evolución humana" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=403&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=403&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=403&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=507&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=507&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=507&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a> <figcaption> Nuestro ancestro común vivió hace menos de un millón de años. Kjærgaard, Nielsen & Maslin, Author provided </figcaption> </figure> <h2>La muerte de una especie</h2> La diferencia más significativa entre los neandertales y nuestra especie es que ellos se extinguieron hace unos 40 000 años. La causa exacta de su desaparición aún se nos escapa, pero probablemente fue el resultado de una combinación de factores. En primer lugar, el clima de la última era glacial era muy variable, pasando de <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04600-9">frío a calor extremo y viceversa</a>, lo que supuso presión sobre las fuentes de alimentación de animales y plantas y significó que los neandertales tuvieran que <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jbi.12845">adaptarse a los cambios ambientales </a>constantemente. En segundo lugar, nunca hubo muchos neandertales, ya que la población total nunca superó las decenas de miles de personas. Vivían en grupos pequeños, de cinco a 15 individuos, en comparación con el Homo sapiens que formaba grupos de hasta <a href="https://theconversation.com/our-large-brains-evolved-thanks-to-an-ancient-arms-race-for-resources-and-mates-79183">150 individuos</a>. Estas pequeñas poblaciones neandertales aisladas pudieron ser cada vez más insostenibles genéticamente. En tercer lugar, tuvieron que competir con otros depredadores, en particular los <a href="https://theconversation.com/war-in-the-time-of-neanderthals-how-our-species-battled-for-supremacy-for-over-100-000-years-148205">grupos de humanos modernos</a> que surgieron de África hace unos 60 000 años. Creemos que muchos neandertales pudieron ser asimilados por las bandas más grandes de Homo sapiens. <h2>¿Dónde están las pruebas?</h2> Los neandertales dejaron numerosas huellas para que las examináramos decenas de miles de años después, muchas de las cuales pueden verse en la exposición especial que hemos ayudado a comisariar en el <a href="https://snm.ku.dk/english/exhibitions/neanderthal/">Museo de Historia Natural de Dinamarca</a>. En los últimos 150 años hemos recogido huesos fósiles, herramientas de piedra y madera, hemos encontrado baratijas y joyas que dejaron atrás, hemos descubierto enterramientos y ahora hemos cartografiado su genoma a partir de ADN antiguo. Parece que el <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03335-3">99,7% del ADN de los neandertales</a> y el de los humanos modernos es idéntico y no cabe duda de que son nuestros parientes extintos más cercanos. Quizás lo más sorprendente es la evidencia de <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03335-3">mestizaje</a> que ha dejado rastros de ADN neandertal en los humanos vivos de hoy. Muchos europeos y asiáticos tienen entre un 1% y un 4% de ADN neandertal. Los únicos humanos modernos sin rastro genético de los neandertales son las poblaciones africanas situadas al sur del Sahara. Irónicamente, con una población mundial actual de unos 8 000 millones de personas, esto significa que nunca ha habido más ADN neandertal en la Tierra. <figure class="align-center zoomable"> <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Pintura del hombre de Neandertal" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=737&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=737&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=737&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=926&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=926&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=926&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a> <figcaption> 99,7% humano. Artista: Tom Björklund / Moesgård Museum, Author provided </figcaption> </figure> El análisis del genoma neandertal nos ayuda a conocer mejor su aspecto, ya que hay pruebas de que algunos evolucionaron hacia la piel pálida y el pelo rojo mucho antes que Homo sapiens. Los numerosos genes que comparten neandertales y humanos modernos están relacionados con cualquier cosa, desde la capacidad de saborear alimentos amargos hasta la de hablar. También hemos aumentado nuestro conocimiento de la salud humana. Por ejemplo, parte del ADN neandertal que podría haber sido beneficioso para los humanos hace decenas de miles de años parece ahora causar problemas cuando se combina con un estilo de vida occidental moderno. Hay vínculos con el alcoholismo, la obesidad, las alergias, la coagulación de la sangre y la <a href="https://www.agenciasinc.es/Noticias/La-depresion-y-la-adiccion-estan-escritas-en-el-ADN-neandertal#:%7E:text=Entre%20los%20hallazgos%20m%C3%A1s%20sorprendentes,la%20probabilidad%20de%20sufrir%20depresi%C3%B3n.">depresión.</a> Recientemente, los científicos sugirieron que una antigua variante genética de los neandertales podría aumentar el riesgo de <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2026309118">complicaciones graves por contraer la covid-19</a>. <h2>Sostener un espejo</h2> Al igual que los dinosaurios, los neandertales no sabían lo que les esperaba. La diferencia es que los dinosaurios desaparecieron repentinamente tras el impacto de un meteorito gigante procedente del espacio exterior. La extinción de los neandertales se produjo de forma gradual. Acabaron perdiendo su mundo, un hogar confortable que habían ocupado con éxito durante cientos de miles de años y que poco a poco se volvió contra ellos, hasta que la mera existencia fue insostenible. Los neandertales tienen ahora un propósito diferente. Vemos nuestro reflejo en ellos. No sabían lo que les estaba pasando y no tuvieron más remedio que seguir por el camino que finalmente les llevó a la extinción. Nosotros, en cambio, somos dolorosamente conscientes de nuestra situación y del impacto que tenemos en este planeta. La actividad humana está <a href="https://theconversation.com/climate-change-how-bad-could-the-future-be-if-we-do-nothing-159665">cambiando el clima</a> y nos lleva directamente a una sexta extinción masiva. Podemos reflexionar sobre el lío en el que nos hemos metido y hacer algo al respecto. Si no queremos acabar como los neandertales, más vale que nos pongamos las pilas y trabajemos colectivamente por un futuro más sostenible. La extinción de los neandertales nos recuerda que nunca debemos dar por sentada nuestra existencia. <hr> Artículo traducido gracias a la colaboración con <a href="https://www.fundacionlilly.com/">Fundación Lilly</a>. <hr><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/189844/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> Peter C. Kjærgaard trabaja para el Museo de Historia Natural de Dinamarca. La exposición sobre los neandertales ha recibido financiación de varias fundaciones filantrópicas danesas.Mark Maslin es profesor de Ciencias del Sistema Terrestre en la UCL y en el Museo de Historia Natural de Dinamarca. Es director fundador de Rezatec Ltd, codirector de London NERC Doctoral Training Partnership, miembro del Comité Asesor del Festival de Ciencia de Cheltenham y del Climate Crisis Advisory Group. Es miembro no remunerado del Consejo de RSC de Sopra-Steria, de Sheep Included Ltd y de NetZeroNow Advisory Boards. En el pasado ha recibido subvenciones de NERC, EPSRC, ESRC, DFG, Royal Society, DIFD, BEIS, DECC, FCO, Innovate UK, Carbon Trust, UK Space Agency, European Space Agency, Research England, Wellcome Trust, Leverhulme Trust, The Children's Investment Fund Foundation, Sprint2020 y British Council. En el pasado ha recibido financiación para investigación de The Lancet, Laithwaites, Seventh Generation, Channel 4, JLT Re, WWF, Hermes, CAFOD, HP y Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors.Trine Kellberg Nielsen es profesora asociada de Arqueología Prehistórica en la Universidad de Aarhus, Dinamarca. Ha dirigido el proyecto de la exposición especial sobre los neandertales en la sede original del Museo Moesgaard 2020-2021, en Aarhus. Recibe financiación del Fondo de Investigación Independiente de Dinamarca.

Muchos europeos y asiáticos tienen entre un 1% y un 4% de ADN neandertal. Con una población mundial actual de unos 8.000 millones de personas, nunca ha habido más ADN neandertal en la Tierra.

Peter C. Kjærgaard, Professor of Evolutionary History and Director, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Mark Maslin, Professor of Earth System Science, UCL Trine Kellberg Nielsen, Associate Professor, Department of Archeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/190033 2022-09-13T10:43:04Z 2022-09-13T10:43:04Z Net zero: Copenhagen's failure to meet its 2025 target casts doubt on other major climate plans <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/483989/original/file-20220912-18-o132tt.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C5346%2C3561&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption> <a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/copenhagen-denmark-may-23-2022-cyclist-2164550851">Michele Ursi/Shutterstock</a></figcaption></figure>The city of Copenhagen, often celebrated as <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/discovering-hygge-in-copenhagen/worlds-greenest-city/">one of the world’s greenest</a> for its <a href="https://theconversation.com/cycle-lanes-blamed-for-urban-congestion-heres-the-reality-173388">cycling culture</a> and other initiatives, recently <a href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/copenhagens-dream-of-being-carbon-neutral-by-2025-go-up-in-smoke/">defaulted</a> on its pledge to become carbon-neutral by <a href="https://international.kk.dk/carbon-neutral-capital">2025</a>. This early failure in the global race to net zero emissions (a balance between CO₂ emitted and absorbed) may foreshadow backtracking by other target-setters, indicating that pledges to cease contributing to climate change demand greater scrutiny. Since 2012, when Copenhagen launched its plan to become the first carbon-neutral city in the world by 2025, the city has enjoyed <a href="https://stateofgreen.com/en/news/copenhagen-recognized-for-climate-leadership/">international recognition</a> and a significant <a href="https://www.visitdenmark.com/press/latest-news/copenhagen-become-carbon-neutral-capital-2025">branding boost</a>. It expects to reduce emissions by <a href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/copenhagens-dream-of-being-carbon-neutral-by-2025-go-up-in-smoke/">80%</a> by, for instance, switching its power and district heating systems to <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjKi9iew__5AhUNX_EDHTxxAX8QFnoECC4QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fkk.sites.itera.dk%2Fapps%2Fkk_pub2%2Fpdf%2F2062_129d045097bb.pdf&usg=AOvVaw239cPtV1e2QhKlp29r_tWX">biomass, wind and solar</a>, renovating buildings to make them <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/12/copenhagen-push-carbon-neutral-2025">energy efficient</a> and improving public transport. The remaining emissions were supposed to be mopped up by installing carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology at the local waste-to-energy plant. This would remove CO₂ from the smokestack before it is emitted to the atmosphere, isolating it for later underground storage. But at the beginning of August 2022, the semi-public utility <a href="https://a-r-c.dk/arc-soeger-ikke-den-statslige-co2-fangstpulje/">Amager Resource Center</a> (ARC) which manages the plant announced it was ineligible for national CCS funding. This funding, it argued, would otherwise have enabled them to capture CO₂ generated by burning the city’s waste. And so, <a href="https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/koebenhavn-opgiver-droemmen-om-co2-neutral-i-2025">Copenhagen</a> has given up on its pledge. <figure class="align-center "> <img alt="Stepped rows of apartments on a hill with vegetation growing on their roofs." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/483983/original/file-20220912-5769-n00fbm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/483983/original/file-20220912-5769-n00fbm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/483983/original/file-20220912-5769-n00fbm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/483983/original/file-20220912-5769-n00fbm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/483983/original/file-20220912-5769-n00fbm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/483983/original/file-20220912-5769-n00fbm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/483983/original/file-20220912-5769-n00fbm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"> <figcaption> A housing estate in Copenhagen with green roofs. <a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/copenhagen-denmark-september-22-2019-vm-1515049631">PHG Pictures/Shutterstock</a> </figcaption> </figure> Cities such as <a href="https://carbonneutralcities.org/cities/glasgow/">Glasgow</a> and <a href="https://www.myhelsinki.fi/en/think-sustainably/making-helsinki-carbon-neutral">Helsinki</a>, countries like <a href="https://www.government.se/495f60/contentassets/883ae8e123bc4e42aa8d59296ebe0478/the-swedish-climate-policy-framework.pdf">Sweden</a> and the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/net-zero-strategy">UK</a>, and companies including <a href="https://about.ikea.com/en/sustainability/becoming-climate-positive">IKEA</a> and <a href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2021/10/apple-charges-forward-to-2030-carbon-neutral-goal-adding-9-gigawatts-of-clean-power-and-doubling-supplier-commitments/">Apple</a> have made similar <a href="https://zerotracker.net/">pledges</a> to be net zero by 2030, 2045 or 2050. This gives the impression that sufficient measures to address climate change are in the pipeline. Yet various <a href="https://newclimate.org/sites/default/files/2022-06/CorporateClimateResponsibilityMonitor2022.pdf">reports</a> and <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2021.2013155">studies</a> suggest that these pledges often skimp on important details, by failing to include progress reports or specify the emissions they target. Critics have warned that the idea of net zero may only serve to <a href="https://theconversation.com/net-zero-emissions-targets-are-everywhere-we-need-to-sort-the-genuine-from-the-greenwash-150127">greenwash reputations</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/climate-scientists-concept-of-net-zero-is-a-dangerous-trap-157368">diminish the urgency</a> around decarbonisation. Copenhagen is unlikely to be the last to renege on its net zero pledge. The city’s example of relying on immature technology and external funding indicates how similar climate plans might disintegrate in future. <h2>Faith in technology</h2> Copenhagen’s experience highlights two problems which could scupper other net zero strategies. First, the city’s reliance on immature technology. Copenhagen’s plan to reach net zero emissions did not always include CCS. When the city announced its 2025 goal in 2012, <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-15/denmark-denies-vattenfall-s-vedsted-carbon-capture-application">the Danish parliament</a> had just rejected an application from Swedish energy company Vattenfall to deploy CCS at its coal power plant in northern Jutland. <a href="https://www.ft.dk/samling/20111/almdel/KEB/bilag/16/1031740/index.htm?/samling/20111/almdel/KEB/bilag/16/1031740/index.htm">Danish politicians</a> wanted to monitor experiences with CCS abroad before allowing it in Denmark. Instead, in 2012 Copenhagen’s net zero plan relied on the <a href="https://kk.sites.itera.dk/apps/kk_pub2/index.asp?mode=detalje&id=930">expectation</a> of reducing the energy-to-waste plant’s emissions by recycling more plastic waste and increasing the ratio of organic waste (since it would count as carbon neutral). But when the third and final road map for Copenhagen’s transition was presented in 2021, it included a shortfall of 430,000 tonnes of CO₂. Alongside other measures, CCS was – in line with <a href="https://stateofgreen.com/en/solutions/taking-a-large-chunk-out-of-denmarks-co2-emissions-with-ccs/">new national policy</a> – supposed to be installed at the plant to bridge the gap by cutting <a href="https://www.kk.dk/dagsordener-og-referater/%C3%98konomiudvalget/m%C3%B8de-10082021/referat/punkt-21">390,000 tonnes of CO₂</a>. The utility managing the plant suggested the technology could capture up to <a href="https://a-r-c.dk/app/uploads/2021/02/C4-press_release.pdf">500,000 tonnes</a>. <figure class="align-center "> <img alt="A sloped building with two chimneys." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/483979/original/file-20220912-12-3i4hdv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/483979/original/file-20220912-12-3i4hdv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/483979/original/file-20220912-12-3i4hdv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/483979/original/file-20220912-12-3i4hdv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/483979/original/file-20220912-12-3i4hdv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/483979/original/file-20220912-12-3i4hdv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/483979/original/file-20220912-12-3i4hdv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"> <figcaption> The Amager Bakke plant generates heat and electricity from burning waste. <a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/amager-bakke-hill-slope-copenhill-heat-2189833277">Wirestock Creators/Shutterstock</a> </figcaption> </figure> Copenhagen is not alone in including CCS in its climate strategy. Neighbouring capitals <a href="https://bellona.org/news/ccs/2022-03-oslo-leading-by-example-worlds-first-co2-capture-and-storage-on-waste-incinerator-to-become-reality-in-2026">Oslo</a> and <a href="https://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/rapporter/climate-action-plan-2020-2023_ta.pdf">Stockholm</a> expect to reach net zero with it too. <a href="https://www.regeringen.dk/aktuelt/publikationer-og-aftaletekster/klimaprogram-2021/">Denmark’s national climate strategy</a> expects CCS to cut between 3.5 million tonnes and 8 million tonnes of CO₂ by 2030. Despite the faith invested in it, carbon capture technology has a poor track record. A new <a href="https://ieefa.org/resources/carbon-capture-remains-risky-investment-achieving-decarbonisation">study</a> by the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis think tank found that CCS projects tend to underperform on their emission reduction targets. Dedicated investment in carbon storage technology has been sluggish too. As a result, CCS is largely used to <a href="https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/fossil-gas/world-cannot-meet-climate-targets-relying-carbon-capture-and-storage/">extend</a> the shelf life of fossil fuels, as captured CO₂ can be injected into oil wells to extract additional oil. These and other issues were <a href="https://www.kk.dk/dagsordener-og-referater/%C3%98konomiudvalget/m%C3%B8de-10082021/referat/punkt-21">reported</a> to municipal leaders in Copenhagen as substantial risks to the 2025 goal. <h2>Lack of accountability</h2> The second problem concerns the question of accountability. Who is ultimately responsible for Copenhagen’s failure to meet its net zero target? When the utility ARC first <a href="https://a-r-c.dk/app/uploads/2021/02/C4-press_release.pdf">announced</a> its plan to deploy CCS at its waste-to-energy plant in 2021, it counted on external funding and a supportive policy framework to do so. Now, the head of the city’s technology and environment committee <a href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/copenhagens-dream-of-being-carbon-neutral-by-2025-go-up-in-smoke/">criticises</a> national politicians for knowingly setting financial criteria which the utility cannot meet, hindering the city’s road to climate neutrality. And so, the baton of responsibility is passed. Emissions targets must be based on credible measures which are within the powers of those pledging them. There must be clear ways to assign accountability if those plans fail. When organisations boast of pledges which ultimately depend on the actions of others to succeed, the public is right to question their validity. Copenhagen’s mayor <a href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/copenhagens-dream-of-being-carbon-neutral-by-2025-go-up-in-smoke/">suggested</a> the city may still reach climate neutrality in 2026, 2027 or 2028. Yet this case shows how easily net zero plans can fall apart. It reveals the dangers of the current uncoordinated approach to reaching net zero, in which every organisation is free to set its own eye-catching pledge without fully accounting for its success. What we need is for political and corporate decision-makers to present credible plans for the necessary deep decarbonisation of society. <hr> <figure class="align-right "> <img alt="Imagine weekly climate newsletter" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"> <figcaption> </figcaption> </figure> Don’t have time to read about climate change as much as you’d like? <a href="https://theconversation.com/uk/newsletters/imagine-57?utm_source=TCUK&utm_medium=linkback&utm_campaign=Imagine&utm_content=DontHaveTimeTop">Get a weekly roundup in your inbox instead.</a> Every Wednesday, The Conversation’s environment editor writes Imagine, a short email that goes a little deeper into just one climate issue. <a href="https://theconversation.com/uk/newsletters/imagine-57?utm_source=TCUK&utm_medium=linkback&utm_campaign=Imagine&utm_content=DontHaveTimeBottom">Join the 10,000+ readers who’ve subscribed so far.</a> <hr><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/190033/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> Kirstine Lund Christiansen receives funding from the Independent Research Fund Denmark. She is affiliated with the Danish climate movement. Inge-Merete Hougaard receives funding from FORMAS and the Velux Foundation. She is affiliated with the Danish climate movement.

The Danish capital reneged on its net zero target after an incinerator failed to secure state aid.

Kirstine Lund Christiansen, PhD Fellow, Political Ecology, University of Copenhagen Inge-Merete Hougaard, Postdoctoral Fellow in Political Ecology, Lund University Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/189021 2022-08-31T16:40:28Z 2022-08-31T16:40:28Z Neanderthals died out 40,000 years ago, but there has never been more of their DNA on Earth <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480591/original/file-20220823-14-nzqwll.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=4%2C29%2C994%2C767&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption> Artist: Tom Björklund / Moesgård Museum, Author provided</figcaption></figure>Neanderthals have served as a reflection of our own humanity since they were first discovered in <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/who-were-the-neanderthals.html">1856</a>. What we think we know about them has been shaped and moulded to fit our cultural trends, social norms and scientific standards. They have changed from diseased specimens to primitive sub-human lumbering cousins to <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/rethinking-neanderthals-83341003/">advanced humans</a>. We now know Homo neanderthalensis were very similar to ourselves and we even met them and frequently interbred. But why did they go extinct, while we <a href="https://global.oup.com/ukhe/product/the-cradle-of-humanity-9780198704539?cc=gb&lang=en&">survived, flourished and ended up taking over the planet</a>? Neanderthals evolved over 400,000 years ago, most likely from an earlier ancestor <a href="https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a>. They were extremely successful and spread across an area from the Mediterranean to Siberia. They were highly intelligent, with brains on average <a href="https://www.livescience.com/60481-how-neanderthals-got-such-large-brains.html">bigger than Homo sapiens‘s</a>. They hunted for <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-the-neanderthals-may-have-been-more-sophisticated-hunters-than-we-thought-new-study-98870">big game</a>, collected plants, fungi, and seafood, controlled fire to cook, <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1907828116">made composite tools</a>, made <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1112261109">clothes from animal skins</a>, made beads from shells, and were able to <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1411529111">carve symbols on to cave walls</a>. They took care of their young, old and weak, created shelters for protection, lived through harsh winters and warm summers, and they buried their dead. Neanderthals did meet our ancestors on several occasions over the course of tens of thousands of years and the two species shared the European continent for at least 14,000 years. They even <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03335-3">mated with each other</a>. <figure class="align-center zoomable"> <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Chart of human evolution" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=403&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=403&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=403&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=507&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=507&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480592/original/file-20220823-15-c0mnw0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=507&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a> <figcaption> Our common ancestor lived less than a million years ago. Kjærgaard, Nielsen & Maslin, Author provided </figcaption> </figure> <h2>Death of a species</h2> The most significant difference between Neanderthals and ourselves is that they went extinct about 40,000 years ago. The precise cause of their demise still eludes us, but we think it was probably the result of a combination of factors. First the climate of the last ice age was very variable, shifting from <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04600-9">cold to warm and back again</a>, which put pressure on animal and plant food sources and meant Neanderthals constantly had to <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jbi.12845">adapt to environmental change</a>. Second there were never that many Neanderthals, with the overall population never exceeding the tens of thousands. They lived in groups of five to 15 individuals, compared with Homo Sapiens that had groups of up to <a href="https://theconversation.com/our-large-brains-evolved-thanks-to-an-ancient-arms-race-for-resources-and-mates-79183">150 individuals</a>. These small isolated Neanderthal populations may have been increasingly genetically unsustainable. Third there was competition with other predators, particularly the <a href="https://theconversation.com/war-in-the-time-of-neanderthals-how-our-species-battled-for-supremacy-for-over-100-000-years-148205">groups of modern humans</a> that emerged from Africa about 60,000 years ago. We speculate that many Neanderthals may have been assimilated into the larger bands of Homo sapiens. <h2>Where’s the evidence?</h2> Neanderthals left numerous traces for us to examine tens of thousands of years later, much of which can be seen at the special exhibition we have helped curate at the <a href="https://snm.ku.dk/english/exhibitions/neanderthal/">Natural History Museum of Denmark</a>. Over the past 150 years we have collected fossil bones, stone and wooden tools, found trinkets and jewellery they left behind, uncovered burials, and now mapped their genome from ancient DNA. It seems that <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03335-3">99.7% of Neanderthal</a> and modern human DNA is identical and they are our closest extinct relatives. Perhaps the most surprising fact was evidence of <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03335-3">interbreeding</a> that has left traces of DNA in living humans today. Many Europeans and Asians have between 1% and 4% Neanderthal DNA while African people south of the Sahara have almost zero. Ironically, with a current world population of about 8 billion people, this means that there has never been more Neanderthal DNA on Earth. <figure class="align-center zoomable"> <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Painting of Neanderthal man" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=737&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=737&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=737&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=926&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=926&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/480604/original/file-20220823-6189-zutarz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=926&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a> <figcaption> 99.7% human. Artist: Tom Björklund / Moesgård Museum, Author provided </figcaption> </figure> The Neanderthal genome also helps us understand more of what they looked like, as there is evidence that some Neanderthals evolved pale skin and red hair long before Homo sapiens. The many genes that are shared between Neanderthals and modern humans are linked to anything from the ability to taste bitter foods to the capacity to speak. We have also increased our knowledge of human health. For instance, some Neanderthal DNA that might have been beneficial to humans tens of thousands of years ago now seems to cause issues when combined with a modern western lifestyle. There are links to alcoholism, obesity, allergies, blood clotting, and <a href="https://institutions.newscientist.com/article/2077269-our-neanderthal-genes-linked-to-risk-of-depression-and-addiction">depression</a>. Recently, scientists suggested an ancient gene variant from Neanderthals might increase the risk of <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2026309118">serious complications from contracting COVID-19</a>. <h2>Holding up a mirror</h2> Like the dinosaurs, the Neanderthals didn’t know what was coming. The difference is that the dinosaurs disappeared suddenly following a giant meteorite hit from outer space. To the Neanderthals extinction happened gradually. They eventually lost their world, a comfortable home they had successfully occupied for hundreds of thousands of years that slowly turned against them, until existence itself was unsustainable. In that sense, Neanderthals now serve a different purpose. We see our reflection in them. They didn’t know what was happening to them and they had no choice but to continue down the road that eventually led to extinction. We on the other hand are painfully aware of our situation and the impact we have on this planet. Human activity is <a href="https://theconversation.com/climate-change-how-bad-could-the-future-be-if-we-do-nothing-159665">changing the climate</a> and is leading straight into a sixth mass extinction. We can reflect on the mess we have landed ourselves in and we can do something about it. If we don’t want to end up like the Neanderthals, we better get our act together and collectively work for a more sustainable future. Neanderthal extinction reminds us that we should never take our existence for granted.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/189021/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> Peter C. Kjærgaard works for the Natural History Museum of Denmark. The Neanderthal exhibition has received funding from a number of Danish philanthropic foundations. Mark Maslin is a Professor of Earth System Science at UCL and the Natural History Museum of Denmark. He is a Founding Director of Rezatec Ltd, Co-Director of The London NERC Doctoral Training Partnership, a member of Cheltenham Science Festival Advisory Committee and a member of the Climate Crisis Advisory Group. He is an unpaid member of the Sopra-Steria CSR Board, Sheep Included Ltd and NetZeroNow Advisory Boards. He has received grant funding in the past from the NERC, EPSRC, ESRC, DFG, Royal Society, DIFD, BEIS, DECC, FCO, Innovate UK, Carbon Trust, UK Space Agency, European Space Agency, Research England, Wellcome Trust, Leverhulme Trust, The Children's Investment Fund Foundation, Sprint2020, and British Council. He has received research funding in the past from The Lancet, Laithwaites, Seventh Generation, Channel 4, JLT Re, WWF, Hermes, CAFOD, HP, and Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors.Trine Kellberg Nielsen is an Associate Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the University of Aarhus, Denmark. She was project leader on the Neanderthal special exhibition at the original venue at Moesgaard Museum 2020-2021, Aarhus. She receives funding from the Independent Research Fund Denmark.

Here’s what we can learn from our closest extinct relatives.

Peter C. Kjærgaard, Professor of Evolutionary History and Director, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Mark Maslin, Professor of Earth System Science, UCL Trine Kellberg Nielsen, Associate Professor, Department of Archeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/187323 2022-07-29T13:11:53Z 2022-07-29T13:11:53Z Prénoms : pourquoi choisissons-nous tous les mêmes ? <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/476528/original/file-20220728-26301-tp9kkk.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C5447%2C3628&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption>Les parents choisissent tous un prénom qu’ils veulent tout aussi unique que leur enfant. (Minnie Zhou | Unsplash)</figcaption></figure>Le phénomène est courant : vous attendez un enfant et vous vous mettez à voir des prénoms dans votre soupe. Peut-être songez-vous à des prénoms jadis démodés qui ont retrouvé leur fraîcheur, comme ceux de vos grands-parents qui s’appelaient Evelyn et Arthur au Royaume-Uni, <a href="https://www.retraitequebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/services-en-ligne-outils/banque-de-prenoms/Pages/recherche_par_popularite.aspx?AnRefBp=2021&NbPre=100">Alice et Léo au Québec</a>, ou encore <a href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3532172">Rose et Gabriel en France</a>. Et peut-être, comme bien d’autres, tiendrez-vous vos discussions confidentielles pour éviter qu’on vous vole vos idées. Et puis Alice ou Gabriel arrivent à la crèche, au CPE ou à l’école et leur prénom paraît soudain moins original. Il y en a trois par classe, et plusieurs autres dans la cour de récréation. Pourtant, lorsque vous aviez choisi, vous n’en aviez remarqué que très peu. Selon le sociologue américain Stanley Lieberson, les parents ont tendance à opter pour les mêmes prénoms au même moment pour diverses raisons. Selon l’auteur de <a href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300173871/a-matter-of-taste/">A Matter of Taste : How Names, Fashions, and Culture Change</a> (Question de goût : Comment changent les prénoms, la mode et la culture — non traduit), les choix sont gouvernés par le goût plutôt que par la coutume depuis la fin du XIXe siècle. Or, les préférences générationnelles se ramènent à des changements sociétaux et à des courants culturels. En d’autres termes, le choix des prénoms suit les mêmes revirements progressifs typiques des effets de mode. <figure class="align-center "> <img alt="Un parent avec des enfants dans un champ" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473954/original/file-20220713-9360-ckyg4p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473954/original/file-20220713-9360-ckyg4p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473954/original/file-20220713-9360-ckyg4p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473954/original/file-20220713-9360-ckyg4p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473954/original/file-20220713-9360-ckyg4p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=484&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473954/original/file-20220713-9360-ckyg4p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=484&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473954/original/file-20220713-9360-ckyg4p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=484&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"> <figcaption> Les changements sociétaux et les courants culturels orientent les tendances en matière de prénoms. <a class="source" href="https://unsplash.com/photos/0n4AhLhuOZk">(Joice Kelly | Unsplash)</a> </figcaption> </figure> <h2>Mécanique des prénoms trop populaires</h2> Habituellement, les prénoms qui nous attirent sont rarement ceux de notre propre génération ou celle de nos parents. Associés à trop de pairs, de professeurs ou de souvenirs, ils semblent trop « usés » pour être attrayants. Ça ne peut pas convenir à un beau nourrisson tout rose. En revanche, les prénoms de la génération de nos grands-parents, voire des arrière-grands-parents, semblent plus attrayants. <a href="https://www.nordicsocioonomastics.org/naming-trends-in-denmark/">Des recherches au Danemark</a> montrent que les prénoms de filles à deux syllabes se terminant par un « a » (comme Alma ou Clara) y ont gagné en popularité depuis 2000 — un siècle après le pic précédent. Au Québec et en France, on observe des tendances similaires. Ce cycle de 100 ans est logique : nous avons peu de souvenirs associés aux prénoms de cette génération. Et même si les parents font l’effort de prénommer leur précieux nouveau-né avec quelque chose d’unique, leurs goûts sont souvent alignés sur ceux des <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/591659">autres parents de leur génération</a>. En matière de préférences générationnelles, il en va des prénoms comme pour le goût en matière de mobilier, de musique ou de coiffures. Bien sûr, tous les prénoms en vogue ne peuvent être rattachés à une génération particulière : la culture populaire joue également. Au Danemark comme au Québec, <a href="https://navn.ku.dk/personnavne/20drengenavne/liam/">Liam n’avait jamais été un prénom courant</a> jusqu’aux années 2000, lorsqu’il a commencé à figurer en tête des listes de prénoms de garçons. Cela pourrait s’expliquer par son association à des vedettes comme le rappeur Liam O’Connor, l’acteur oscarisé Liam Neeson ou le chanteur Liam Gallagher du groupe Oasis. Peut-être aussi parce que <a href="https://lactualite.com/societe/que-nous-disent-les-prenoms-les-plus-populaires/">Liam est le diminutif de William, autre prénom très populaire</a> au Québec. <a href="http://www.slate.fr/story/123897/kevin">En 1991, les Françaises ont accouché de 14 087 Kévin</a>. Cette vogue soudaine serait liée à deux films immensément populaires sortis l’année précédente : « Danse avec les loups », mettant en vedette Kevin Costner, et « Maman, j’ai raté l’avion », dont le jeune protagoniste se prénommait Kevin. D’autres courants culturels agissent également. Au Danemark, après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, des prénoms anglais comme <a href="https://www.norna.org/content/benny-brian-johnny-og-dennis-om-de-engelske-drengenavnes-historie-i-danmark-som">John ou Tommy sont devenus à la mode</a> sous l’influence des libérateurs de l’époque. Dans le monde francophone, l’anglomanie explique largement la mode des prénoms « internationaux » d’influence anglaise, comme Noah ou Emma. Aux États-Unis, on sent l’influence du mouvement des droits civiques. Chez les Afro-Américains, on préfère désormais le <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-brief-history-of-black-names-from-perlie-to-latasha-130102">Kareem</a> du basketteur et activiste Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, aux bons vieux prénoms bibliques comme Elijah et Isaac. Et comme <a href="https://theconversation.com/plurilingual-parenting-why-many-experts-think-families-who-speak-multiple-languages-should-just-go-with-the-flow-185255#:%7E:text=Plurilingual%20parenting%20involves%20a%20liberal,parents%20are%20okay%20with%20that.">nos sociétés se diversifient</a> comme jamais, des parents <a href="https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/35884">d’origines différentes</a> auront tendance à opter pour des formules adaptables <a href="https://www.magicmaman.com/une-selection-de-prenoms-qui-se-prononcent-partout-pareil-ou-presque-dans-le-monde,3691703.asp">à plusieurs cultures</a>, où l’héritage culturel passe au second plan après les goûts personnels. <figure class="align-center "> <img alt="Des jeunes garçons s’amusent au tir à la corde" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473953/original/file-20220713-9289-jb1to0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473953/original/file-20220713-9289-jb1to0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473953/original/file-20220713-9289-jb1to0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473953/original/file-20220713-9289-jb1to0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473953/original/file-20220713-9289-jb1to0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473953/original/file-20220713-9289-jb1to0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473953/original/file-20220713-9289-jb1to0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"> <figcaption> Noah est en tête de liste des prénoms les plus populaires de garçons dans plusieurs pays. <a class="source" href="https://unsplash.com/photos/w55SpMmoPgE">(Anna Samoylova | Unsplash)</a> </figcaption> </figure> <h2>Des tendances internationales</h2> Comme pour toutes les tendances, la mode des prénoms varie d’un pays à l’autre — et d’une langue à l’autre. Le prénom le <a href="https://lactualite.com/societe/que-nous-disent-les-prenoms-les-plus-populaires/">plus populaire au Québec depuis 25 ans, William</a>, n’apparaît même pas parmi les <a href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3532172">100 premiers prénoms en France</a>. Parfois, cependant, certaines tendances traversent les frontières physiques et linguistiques. Noah et Ella figurent dans tous les palmarès des prénoms au <a href="https://www.dst.dk/da/Statistik/emner/borgere/navne/navne-til-nyfoedte">Danemark</a>, en <a href="https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/navn/statistikk/navn">Norvège</a>, en <a href="https://scb.se/hitta-statistik/sverige-i-siffror/namnsok/">Suède</a> et au <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/bulletins/babynamesenglandandwales/2019/relateddata">Royaume-Uni</a>. Dans le monde francophone, on voit la même chose pour Arthur et surtout Emma. La vogue de ces prénoms touche <a href="https://names.ku.dk/selectednames/emma/">tout le monde occidental</a> depuis 25 ans. Plus récemment, les recherches montrent que les lignes bougent quant <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29213180/">aux perceptions sur le genre des prénoms</a>. Dans le monde anglophone, il existe une tendance marquée pour des prénoms unisexes. Au Québec, par ailleurs, un prénom masculin comme <a href="https://www.retraitequebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/services-en-ligne-outils/banque-de-prenoms/Pages/recherche_par_popularite.aspx?AnRefBp=2021&NbPre=100">Charlie se classe cinquième parmi les prénoms féminins</a> (quoiqu’on observe rarement l’inverse pour des garçons). La tendance aux prénoms composés évolue aussi diversement. Alors qu’ils ont presque totalement disparu au Québec, ils reviennent en force en <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/bulletins/babynamesenglandandwales/2020">Angleterre et au Pays de Galles</a> (Ivy-Rose chez les filles ou Tommy-Lee chez les garçons), et ils commencent à réapparaître en France. Chose certaine, si vous voulez réellement que votre prochain enfant se distingue, le prénom à pentures pourrait bien être la chose à faire — ou peut-être pas.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/187323/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Les prénoms choisis pour nos enfants suivent les tendances, comme toute autre expression culturelle. C’est une question de goût, mais aussi de changements sociaux.

Jane Pilcher, Associate Professor of Sociology, Nottingham Trent University Birgit Eggert, Assistant professor in Nordic Studies, University of Copenhagen Katrine Bechsgaard, Postdoctoral scholar, University of California, Berkeley Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/185546 2022-07-18T12:17:45Z 2022-07-18T12:17:45Z Baby names: why we all choose the same ones <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473952/original/file-20220713-9624-52pez7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption>Young parents often look for the name that will be as unique as their kid. <a class="source" href="https://unsplash.com/photos/0hiUWSi7jvs">Minnie Zhou | Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure>You might be one of those people who, since their own childhood, has curated lists of potential names for any children you might have. Or your interest in names might only have emerged because you’re actually expecting your first child. Suddenly, you’ve started noticing first names everywhere. Your thoughts might travel back to older relatives. In the UK, names like <a href="http://www.nameplayground.com/Evelyn">Evelyn</a> or <a href="http://www.nameplayground.com/Arthur">Arthur</a> used to feel dated, but somehow they now feel fresh and beautiful. Parents-to-be might not tell their friends about their favourites: this is their special name, and they don’t want to risk someone stealing it. However, it is often the case that when little Arthur or Evelyn goes to nursery or school, their name doesn’t seem so original anymore. It turns out, there are in fact three Evelyns in the class, and several Arthurs in the playground, despite the fact that the children’s parents might have never met any Evelyns or Arthurs before having their own. <hr> <figure class="align-right "> <img alt="Quarter life, a series by The Conversation" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/451343/original/file-20220310-13-1bj6csd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/451343/original/file-20220310-13-1bj6csd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/451343/original/file-20220310-13-1bj6csd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/451343/original/file-20220310-13-1bj6csd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/451343/original/file-20220310-13-1bj6csd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/451343/original/file-20220310-13-1bj6csd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/451343/original/file-20220310-13-1bj6csd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"> <figcaption> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://theconversation.com/uk/topics/quarter-life-117947?utm_source=TCUK&utm_medium=linkback&utm_campaign=UK+YP2022&utm_content=InArticleTop">This article is part of Quarter Life</a>, a series about issues affecting those of us in our twenties and thirties. From the challenges of beginning a career and taking care of our mental health, to the excitement of starting a family, adopting a pet or just making friends as an adult. The articles in this series explore the questions and bring answers as we navigate this turbulent period of life. You may be interested in: <a href="https://theconversation.com/jay-z-beyonce-baby-blue-ivy-and-the-art-of-naming-4885">Jay-Z, Beyoncé, baby Blue Ivy and the art of naming</a> <a href="https://theconversation.com/before-you-name-your-baby-consider-this-84351">Before you name your baby, consider this…</a> <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-brief-history-of-black-names-from-perlie-to-latasha-130102">A brief history of black names, from Perlie to Latasha</a> <hr> American sociologist Stanley Lieberson shows in his 2000 book, <a href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300173871/a-matter-of-taste/">A Matter of Taste: How Names, Fashions, and Culture Change</a> that parents-to-be like the same names at the same time for a variety of reasons – from generational preferences to societal changes and cultural influences – but mostly because since the late 19th century, it has become a matter not of custom, but of taste. As such, it follows the same gradual shifts and reversals as other expressions of fashion. <figure class="align-center "> <img alt="A parent with two young children in a field of long grass." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473954/original/file-20220713-9360-ckyg4p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473954/original/file-20220713-9360-ckyg4p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473954/original/file-20220713-9360-ckyg4p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473954/original/file-20220713-9360-ckyg4p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473954/original/file-20220713-9360-ckyg4p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=484&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473954/original/file-20220713-9360-ckyg4p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=484&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473954/original/file-20220713-9360-ckyg4p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=484&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"> <figcaption> Societal shifts and cultural influences both shape naming trends. <a class="source" href="https://unsplash.com/photos/0n4AhLhuOZk">Joice Kelly | Unsplash</a> </figcaption> </figure> <h2>How names can feel overused</h2> When you think about the names that you find attractive, it is interesting to consider whether any of them are common in your own generation, or in your parents’ generation. The answer to both these questions is probably “no”. Names that we associate with our peers or our teachers often feel too “used” to seem attractive and fitting for a chubby infant. By contrast, names from our grandparents’ or even great-grandparents’ generation appear more attractive. <a href="https://www.nordicsocioonomastics.org/naming-trends-in-denmark/">Research in Denmark</a> shows that two-syllable girls names ending in “a” (like Alma or Clara) have gained in popularity since 2000 – a century after the last time such names peaked. That 100-year pattern makes sense because you don’t have nearly as many experiences with names from these generations. And though, as young parents, we think that we have hit the jackpot by finding a name that is just as unique as our precious newborn, our tastes are often actually aligned with the tastes of others <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/591659">from our generation</a>. Just like there are generational preferences in furniture, music and hairstyles, so it is with baby names. Of course, not all popular first names can be traced back to older generations. Sometimes, parents are inspired by popular culture. In Denmark, Liam had never been a common name <a href="https://navn.ku.dk/personnavne/20drengenavne/liam/">until the 2000s</a> when it started topping lists of boys names. This must at least in part have to do with the Danish rapper and TV host LOC, AKA Liam O'Connor’s rise to fame. In 1991, meanwhile, <a href="https://www.thelocal.fr/20170119/we-need-to-talk-about-kevin-how-a-hollywood-naming-craze-swept-france/">14,087 Kévins</a> were reportedly born in France due largely to two film releases the year before: Kevin Costner’s Dances With Wolves, and Home Alone, whose main protagonist is called Kevin McCallister. Broader cultural changes also impact name popularity. After the second world war, Denmark was no longer cut off from cultural influences from the US and the UK. As a result, English names such as John and Tommy <a href="https://www.norna.org/content/benny-brian-johnny-og-dennis-om-de-engelske-drengenavnes-historie-i-danmark-som">became extremely fashionable</a>. The civil rights movement in the US, meanwhile, saw popularity in African-American naming patterns shift from biblical options like Elijah and Isaac to names such as <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-brief-history-of-black-names-from-perlie-to-latasha-130102">Kareem</a> after basketballer and activist Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Further, as more of us live in <a href="https://theconversation.com/plurilingual-parenting-why-many-experts-think-families-who-speak-multiple-languages-should-just-go-with-the-flow-185255#:%7E:text=Plurilingual%20parenting%20involves%20a%20liberal,parents%20are%20okay%20with%20that.">super-diverse societies</a>, parents from <a href="https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/35884">different backgrounds</a> are choosing names that can work <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/What's-in-a-Name-An-Exploration-of-the-Significance-Edwards-Caballero/22b0404597b55e58db129d22247a819568c03190">across cultures</a>. Here, names are often as much about personal taste as they are a means of passing on cultural heritage. <figure class="align-center "> <img alt="Young boys play tugowar in a green field." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473953/original/file-20220713-9289-jb1to0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473953/original/file-20220713-9289-jb1to0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473953/original/file-20220713-9289-jb1to0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473953/original/file-20220713-9289-jb1to0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473953/original/file-20220713-9289-jb1to0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473953/original/file-20220713-9289-jb1to0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473953/original/file-20220713-9289-jb1to0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"> <figcaption> Noah tops best boys’ names lists in several countries. <a class="source" href="https://unsplash.com/photos/w55SpMmoPgE">Anna Samoylova | Unsplash</a> </figcaption> </figure> <h2>How naming trends can cross borders</h2> As with any trend, name fashions vary from country to country – and within linguistic contexts too. Alfie is one of the most <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/datasets/babynamesenglandandwalesbabynamesstatisticsboys">popular boys names in England and Wales</a>, but almost entirely <a href="https://www.ssa.gov/oact/babynames/">overlooked in the US</a>. Sometimes, however, a trend can cross borders. Noah and Ella are in every top names list from <a href="https://www.dst.dk/da/Statistik/emner/borgere/navne/navne-til-nyfoedte">Denmark</a>, <a href="https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/navn/statistikk/navn">Norway</a> and <a href="https://scb.se/hitta-statistik/sverige-i-siffror/namnsok/">Sweden</a> to <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/bulletins/babynamesenglandandwales/2019/relateddata">the UK</a>. And chances are that you probably know several Emmas, because this is a name that has taken almost <a href="https://names.ku.dk/selectednames/emma/">the entire Western world</a> by storm since the late 1900s. More recently, research shows that the past few years have seen changes in the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29213180/">traditional perceptions</a> of boys’ names and girls’ names. A growing focus on names that can be used regardless of gender has emerged. Data from birth registrations in <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/bulletins/babynamesenglandandwales/2020">England and Wales for 2020</a> shows that Ivy-Rose was the most highly ranked hyphenated forename for girls (at number 229, with 202 babies so-named). Tommy-Lee was the most highly ranked hyphenated forename for boys (at number 454, with just 87 babies called this). If you really want your future child’s name to be more distinctive among their peers, a two-part moniker might be the way to go.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/185546/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

How we name our children follows trends like any other cultural expression. It’s about taste as well as broader societal shifts.

PrEP enables adolescent girls and young women to protect themselves from HIV without having to convince a partner to use a condom at the time of sex.

Morten Skovdal, Associate professor in Health Psychology, University of Copenhagen Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives. tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/185301 2022-06-17T11:21:02Z 2022-06-17T11:21:02Z Ce que l'insurrection intermittente du M23 nous apprend sur la recherche précaire de la paix en RDC <figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/469432/original/file-20220617-24-qysup0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption>Un soldat de la paix protège les civils dans l'est de la RDC. Photo de Glody Murhabazi/AFP via GettyImages</figcaption></figure>Depuis mars 2022, les combats se sont intensifiés dans l'est de la République démocratique du Congo (RDC) entre l'armée et le groupe rebelle <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10220461.2014.942207?journalCode=rsaj20">Mouvement du 23 mars</a>, plus connu sous le nom de M23. Ce dernier aurait attaqué des positions de l'armée près de la frontière avec l'Ouganda et le Rwanda. Un hélicoptère des Nations unies s'est, en outre, écrasé dans la zone de combat, faisant huit morts parmi les Casques bleus. Ces événements ont fait la une des journaux du monde entier et <a href="https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2022-03-29/statement-attributable-the-spokesperson-for-the-secretary-general-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-scroll-down-for-french">ont provoqué une réaction</a> du Secrétaire général des Nations unies, António Guterres. La recrudescence des combats entre le M23 et les troupes gouvernementales a, en fait, commencé à la <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/renewed-fighting-flares-in-eastern-congo/a-59789397">fin de l’année 2021</a>. De surcroît, il s'agit que de l'un des nombreux conflits armés en cours dans l'est de la RDC où, par ailleurs, les <a href="https://www.congoresearchgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Inside-the-ADF-Rebellion-14Nov18.pdf">Forces démocratiques alliées</a>, un groupe armé islamiste d'origine ougandaise, continue de <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/28/at-least-20-civilians-killed-in-attack-in-eastern-congo-report">massacrer des civils</a>, en dépit des opérations conjointes en cours entre l'Ouganda et la RDC. Une autre guerre impliquant nombre de groupes armés locaux et étrangers se déroule dans les <a href="https://www.gicnetwork.be/mayhem-in-the-mountains/">hauts plateaux d'Uvira et de Fizi</a>, non loin du Burundi. Et en Ituri, à l'extrémité nord-est de la RDC, différents groupes armés, dont les factions de la CODECO, ne cessent de <a href="https://www.gicnetwork.be/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/GIC_Violence-and-Instability-in-Ituri.pdf">faire des ravages</a>. Pourtant, les affrontements de mars 2022 entre l’armée congolaise et le M23 ont été les plus meurtriers depuis une décennie. Cette situation soulève des questions importantes relatives à la temporalité et au contexte que nous aborderons dans cet article. Nous avons tous deux entrepris des recherches sur la <a href="https://riftvalley.net/publication/contesting-authority">dynamique des conflits</a> dans l'est du Congo pendant de nombreuses années, notamment sur le rôle des <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21647259.2014.910384">groupes armés dans la société</a>, l'interaction entre <a href="https://www.congoresearchgroup.org/en/2022/01/03/report-rebels-doctors-and-merchants-of-violence-how-the-fight-against-ebola-became-part-of-the-conflict-in-eastern-drc/">la mobilisation armée et la récente épidémie d'Ebola</a>, et la <a href="https://kivusecurity.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/reports/39/2021%20KST%20report%20EN.pdf">fragmentation des belligérants</a>. Dans le cadre de ces recherches, nous avons également analysé l’évolution du M23 depuis ses débuts en 2012 jusqu'à aujourd'hui. De notre point de vue, la recrudescence des activités du groupe depuis fin 2021 est sans doute une réaction aux tentatives de Kinshasa de mettre fin à l'insécurité dans l'est. Il se peut que, se sentant menacé, le M23 cherche à renforcer sa position en cas d'éventuelles négociations. <h2>La sécurité, une priorité</h2> Le président Félix Tshisekedi a fait de la sécurité dans l'est du Congo l'une de ses principales priorités. Il a essayé différentes stratégies pour y parvenir, notamment des <a href="https://issafrica.org/iss-today/now-the-east-african-community-tackles-the-eastern-drcs-rebels">négociations</a> engagées avec les groupes armés, un futur programme de <a href="https://www.defenceweb.co.za/joint/diplomacy-a-peace/dr-congo-strategy-for-former-combatants-led-by-government/">démobilisation et de désarmement</a> et la déclaration de l’<a href="https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210501-dr-congo-declares-a-state-of-siege-over-worsening-violence-in-east">état de siège</a> dans les provinces du Nord-Kivu et de l'Ituri. Mais, comme <a href="https://www.gicnetwork.be/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/10_GIC_It-Takes-More-Than-Two-to-Tango_WEB-2.pdf">des recherches récentes l’indiquent</a>, cette combinaison de tactiques a rarement été efficace par le passé. Il est donc peu probable que la multitude d'initiatives actuelle mette définitivement fin au M23 et aux autres rébellions, tant que les problèmes historiques sous-jacents qui alimentent la violence ne sont pas résolus. <h2>La montée du M23</h2> Créé en avril 2012, le M23 se situe au croisement <a href="https://riftvalley.net/publication/cndp-m23">des dynamiques</a> de pouvoir locales, nationales et <a href="https://riftvalley.net/publication/cndp-m23">régionales</a>, où il prend part à différentes luttes pour le contrôle du territoire, des personnes et des ressources. Ces luttes sont liées aux préoccupations sécuritaires de <a href="https://riftvalley.net/publication/stable-instability">différents réseaux politiques et militaires transfrontaliers</a>, qui regroupent des acteurs étatiques et non étatiques. Le M23 a rapidement acquis une notoriété internationale lorsqu'il a <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2012/11/23/m23-fighters-capture-goma-in-the-dr-congo">occupé la ville de Goma</a>, capitale de la province du Nord-Kivu, pendant 10 jours en novembre 2012. Cette occupation faisait suite à huit mois de combats intenses dans la région de Rutshuru, dans la province du Nord-Kivu. Ces événements ont considérablement embarrassé la communauté internationale qui avait investi des milliards de dollars pour restaurer la paix et l’autorité de l'état, notamment par le biais de sa <a href="https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/monusco">mission de maintien de la paix de l'ONU</a>. Mais les soldats de la mission s'était contenté de jouer un rôle de <a href="https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-dec-22-la-fg-un-congo-20121223-story.html">spectateurs</a> lorsque le M23 a conquis Goma. Même si les rebelles se sont retirés après avoir subi une forte pression internationale, ils ont continué à contrôler des sites stratégiques clés, comme le poste frontalier de Bunagana en bordure de l’Ouganda, qui leur procuraient des revenus importants provenant de la taxation. En fin de compte, la capacité du groupe à défier le gouvernement congolais et l'ONU a causé sa défaite. En 2013, une nouvelle composante de la mission onusienne de maintien de la paix a été chargée de démanteler les groupes armés de l'est de la RDC : la Brigade d'intervention composée d'armées régionale qui avait fait du M23 sa principale cible. Des tensions internes ont, par ailleurs, provoqué une scission au sein du M23, laissant le groupe affaibli et contraint à l’<a href="https://apnews.com/article/41f50e43c95e4bf89439f5a07f561028">exil en Ouganda et au Rwanda</a>. Après sa défaite, le <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/congo-signs-peace-deal-with-m23-rebels-in-nairobi/a-17292474">M23 a signé un accord de paix avec le gouvernement</a> en décembre 2013, dans lequel il acceptait de démobiliser ses combattants et de se transformer en parti politique. Cependant, sous la direction du commandant Sultani Makenga, <a href="https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/rdc-les-autorites-rwandaises-refutent-les-accusations-de-soutien-aux-attaques-rebelles-du">une partie du groupe est retournée en RDC dès la fin 2016</a>. Cette situation était prévisible car les accords de paix n'ont pas permis de régler les problèmes sous-jacents des conflits. <h2>L’histoire de la rébellion</h2> Une caractéristique importante de la généalogie des groupes armés auxquels le M23 appartient est qu'ils ont été dirigés principalement par des commandants tutsi du Nord-Kivu. Historiquement parlant, ces commandants ont entretenu des liens étroits avec l'armée rwandaise. Au début des années 1990, comme cela a été rapporté à l'un d'entre nous lors des multiples entretiens, plusieurs d’entre eux ont rejoint le Front patriotique rwandais dans sa lutte pour renverser le régime extrémiste hutu du Rwanda, qui a perpétré le génocide dans ce pays. L'une des principales forces motrices des rébellions telles que le M23, a été <a href="https://riftvalley.net/publication/cndp-m23">la situation précaire de la communauté tutsi au Nord-Kivu</a> en raison d'une conjonction de facteurs complexes et reliés entre eux. Il s'agit en premier lieu, de la politique appliquée par l’état colonial (1885-1960) et par le régime de Mobutu Sese Seko (1965-1997) qui consistait à diviser pour régner. Dans les années 1990, le régime de Mobutu a alimenté des conflits de longue durée entre des populations parlant kinyarwanda, tant hutu que tutsi, et d'autres communautés de l'est du Congo en refusant, les droits de citoyenneté au premiers, <a href="https://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.kivu.pdf">ce qui a déclenché de violents conflits dans l'est</a>. Deuxièmement, il y a une propagande politique qui colle une fausse étiquette «d'immigrés» et non de «citoyens» à tous ceux qui parlent le kinyarwanda dans l'est de la RDC, malgré le fait que plusieurs communautés «rwandophones» étaient présentes en RDC <a href="https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/livre-banyarwanda_et_banyamulenge_violences_ethniques_et_gestion_de_l_identitaire_au_kiwu_jean_claude_willame-9782738447098-10986.html">depuis bien avant la colonisation</a>. Le fait que les Tutsi ont été impliqués dans plusieurs rébellions soutenues par l'étranger, en particulier le RCD-Goma, de 1998 à 2003, n'arrange pas les choses non plus. Enfin, des membres de l'élite économique tutsi ont acheté de vastes étendues de terre dans un contexte marqué par l’accaparement des terres par les élites locales, dont de nombreux paysans ont été victimes. En raison de tous ces facteurs, les Tutsi et les communautés parlant le kinyarwanda en général font l'objet d'un ressentiment généralisé. À l'inverse, les Tutsi du Nord-Kivu déplorent le manque de considération et de protection qui leur est dû en tant que citoyens de la part de l'état congolais. D'où le soutien apporté par ceux qui parlent le kinyarwanda aux rébellions successives, afin de se protéger contre les groupes armés qui leur sont hostiles. <h2>Ce que l'avenir nous réserve</h2> Après les premiers affrontements en mars et en avril de cette année, le M23 <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/m23-rebel-group-declares-unilateral-ceasefire-eastern-congo-2022-04-01/">a déclaré</a> de manière unilatérale, plusieurs cessez-le-feu. Il a également annoncé sa volonté de déposer définitivement les armes. Puis, en avril, il a promis de se retirer des zones qu'il avait occupées après les combats de fin mars et a demandé l’instauration d’un <a href="https://twitter.com/HeritierBarak/status/1513080458149511169">dialogue avec le gouvernement congolais</a>. Ces déclarations ont été faites au début d'un nouveau cycle de négociations entre les groupes armés et le gouvernement congolais à Nairobi, sous l'égide du <a href="https://www.president.go.ke/2022/04/28/president-kenyatta-urges-stakeholders-to-nurture-peace-in-dr-congo/">président kenyan, Uhuru Kenyatta</a>. Le gouvernement congolais a présenté ces pourparlers comme étant la dernière chance pour les groupes armés de se rendre. Cette menace était suivie de l’<a href="https://english.news.cn/20220422/732a9fadcaed4bdc907056e8da2fdfdc/c.html">annonce d'une nouvelle force régionale</a> à mettre en place pour combattre les groupes armés. Des combats ont cependant éclaté par la suite entre l'armée congolaise et les unités du M23, les deux parties s’accusant mutuellement d'être à l'origine des affrontements. En conséquence, la principale faction du M23, dirigée par Sultani Makenga, a été <a href="https://medafricatimes.com/26532-drc-in-nairobi-peace-consultations-continue-without-the-m23-branch-known-as-makenga.html">expulsée</a> des pourparlers de Nairobi. A l'échelle régionale, le retour du M23 coïncide avec <a href="https://www.theafricareport.com/200378/drc-time-is-running-out-for-tshisekedi-says-researcher-christoph-vogel/">plusieurs changements importants</a>, à savoir notamment des négociations en vue de l'adhésion de la RDC à la Communauté d'Afrique de l'Est et l'intervention militaire de l'Ouganda au nord de la zone d'opération du M23 pour combattre les Forces démocratiques alliées. En outre, après cinq ans de frictions entraînant la fermeture des frontières, les relations bilatérales entre le Rwanda et l'Ouganda semblent s'améliorer rapidement, en dépit de la rivalité géopolitique et de la compétition pour le commerce et les projets d'infrastructure dans l'est de la RDC. Sur le terrain, au Nord-Kivu, d'autres groupes armés congolais ont récemment déclaré la création d’une nouvelle <a href="https://twitter.com/PierreBoisselet/status/1524078548109213696?s=20&t=N0bzCk-ZQ3jiz2s_7bVGMA">coalition</a> ad hoc, qui aurait été négociée par des responsables de l'armée congolaise, dans le but de combattre le M23. Ainsi, la rébellion du M23 se retrouve dans le triangle frontalier minuscule mais hautement stratégique, entre l'est de la RDC, le Rwanda et l'Ouganda, et au centre d'une évolution rapide en ce qui concerne la sécurité et la diplomatie locales et régionales. Cet article a été initialement publié <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-m23s-on-and-off-insurgency-tells-us-about-drcs-precarious-search-for-peace-182520">en anglais</a> le 22 mai 2022.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/185301/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> Kasper Hoffmann reçoit des fonds de l'Agence danoise de développement international et du Conseil de recherche économique et sociale du Royaume-Uni.Rien à divulguer

Les récents affrontements ont remis le M23 de l'est du Congo à la une des journaux, mais de nombreux autres problèmes de sécurité persistent dans la région.

Kasper Hoffmann, Adjunct assistant professor, University of Copenhagen Christoph Vogel, Research Director of the Insecure Livelihoods Project, Ghent University Licensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.

Hemophilia Rss Feedhttp://hemoviet.org.vn/Posts/FeedHemophilia Rss Feedhttp://hemoviet.org.vn/thong-bao/chuong-trinh-hoi-nghi-hemophilia-ky-niem-ngay-hemophilia-the-gioi---17-4-2023/p6i195.htmlChương trình Hội nghị hemophilia kỷ niệm ngày Hemophilia Thế giới – 17/4/2023Chủ đề của Ngày Hemophilia Thế giới năm 2023 là “Access for All: Prevention of bleeds as the global standard of care” - “Điều trị dự phòng: Tiêu chuẩn chăm sóc hemophilia toàn cầu”.Wed, 05 Apr 2023 14:26:12 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/tin-hoat-dong/hoi-thao-y-khoa-cap-nhat-ve-cham-soc-hemophilia-su-dung-cac-che-pham-co-thoi-gian-ban-huy-keo-dai/p5i194.htmlHỘI THẢO Y KHOA CẬP NHẬT VỀ CHĂM SÓC HEMOPHILIA SỬ DỤNG CÁC CHẾ PHẨM CÓ THỜI GIAN BÁN HỦY KÉO DÀITham dự hội thảo có gần 50 thành viên là các bác sĩ đang trực tiếp chăm sóc và điều trị bệnh hemophilia đến từ các quốc gia trong khu vực Châu Á và Tây Thái Bình dương.Fri, 24 Feb 2023 15:22:23 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/tin-hoat-dong/dai-dien-lien-doan-hemophilia-the-gioi-toi-lam-viec-tai-viet-nam/p5i193.htmlĐại diện Liên đoàn Hemophilia Thế giới tới làm việc tại Việt NamChuyến thăm nhằm thảo luận và thống nhất các kế hoạch hoạt động cụ thể của chương trình Hỗ trợ tiếp cận chăm sóc và điều trị hemophilia tại Việt Nam – Path to Access to Care and Treatment (PACT) ProgramTue, 29 Nov 2022 16:07:42 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/hemophilia/dieu-tri-du-phong---hy-vong-cho-nguoi-co-hemophilia/p10i192.htmlĐiều trị dự phòng – Hy vọng cho người có hemophiliaTrong thời gian gần đây, điều trị dự phòng đang từng bước được triển khai tại Viện Huyết học – Truyền máu TW, giúp người bệnh hạn chế được tình trạng chảy máu, phòng ngừa hiệu quả các biến chứng.Mon, 27 Jun 2022 15:36:12 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/tin-hoat-dong/tu-van-truc-tuyen--cung-nguoi-benh-hemophilia-huong-toi-tuong-lai/p5i191.htmlTư vấn trực tuyến: Cùng người bệnh hemophilia hướng tới tương laiNhằm kịp thời hỗ trợ và đưa ra những lời khuyên dành cho bệnh nhân hemophilia, Hội Rối loạn đông máu Việt Nam phối hợp với Công ty Roche Pharma Việt Nam tổ chức chuỗi chương trình tư vấn “Cùng người bệnh Hemophilia hướng tới tương lai”, chuyên đề “Chăm sóc toàn diện”.Mon, 27 Jun 2022 15:11:33 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/tai-lieu/tai-lieu--chat-uc-che-yeu-to-dong-mau-la-gi-/p19i189.htmlTài liệu: Chất ức chế yếu tố đông máu là gì?Ức chế là một vấn đề y khoa nghiêm trọng có thể xảy ra khi người mắc hemophilia có phản ứng miễn dịch với điều trị bằng yếu tố đông máu cô đặc.Mon, 27 Jun 2022 11:49:06 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/tai-lieu/tai-lieu--dieu-tri-du-phong-chay-mau-la-gi-/p19i188.htmlTài liệu: Điều trị dự phòng chảy máu là gì?Điều trị dự phòng là quá trình truyền thường xuyên các yếu tố đông máu cô đặc để ngăn ngừa chảy máu.Mon, 27 Jun 2022 11:42:26 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/tin-hoat-dong/tien-bo-trong-cham-soc--dieu-tri-hemophilia-tai-viet-nam/p5i186.htmlTiến bộ trong chăm sóc, điều trị hemophilia tại Việt NamChương trình giao lưu trực tuyến kỷ niệm Ngày Hemophilia thế giới 17/4/2021Wed, 21 Apr 2021 20:59:55 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/song-chung-voi-hemophilia/gia-tai-cua-nguoi-benh-mau-kho-dong/p17i185.htmlGia tài của người bệnh máu khó đôngGiữa các y bác sĩ của Trung tâm Hemophilia với cộng đồng rối loạn chảy máu không chỉ là mối quan hệ thầy thuốc – người bệnh, mà hơn thế còn là tình thân, là tình cảm gắn bó suốt hàng chục năm trời.Wed, 21 Apr 2021 20:55:05 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/tin-hoat-dong/cac-hoat-dong-ky-niem-ngay-hemophilia-the-gioi/p5i184.htmlCác hoạt động kỷ niệm ngày Hemophilia Thế giớiNgày Hemophilia thế giới 17/4 là một sự kiện quan trọng được tổ chức nhằm kết nối cộng đồng rối loạn chảy máu toàn cầu. Trong tình hình đại dịch COVID-19 đang có những tác động lớn đến với người bị rối loạn chảy máu, mục tiêu kết nối này đã trở thành ưu tiên hàng đầu. Tue, 13 Apr 2021 17:31:49 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/song-chung-voi-hemophilia/chang-trai-hemophilia-mat-mot-chan-uoc-mo-co-viec-lam-o-ha-noi-de-giu-chiec-chan-con-lai/p17i179.htmlChàng trai hemophilia mất một chân ước mơ có việc làm ở Hà Nội để giữ chiếc chân còn lạiDẫu rằng căn bệnh máu khó đông (hemophilia) đã cướp đi của Hồ Huy Bảo một chiếc chân cùng bao ước mơ, hy vọng, nhưng trên gương mặt, trong ánh mắt của cậu học sinh giỏi năm nào vẫn tràn đầy niềm lạc quan và không một chút oán than số phận. Thu, 16 Apr 2020 18:37:38 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/cac-benh-chay-mau/nhung-luu-y-khi-cham-soc-rang-mieng-o-benh-nhan-co-roi-loan-chay-mau/p9i178.htmlNhững lưu ý khi chăm sóc răng miệng ở bệnh nhân có rối loạn chảy máuNhững người bị rối loạn chảy máu có cùng các vẫn đề về răng miệng như những người khỏe mạnh khác. Khám nha khoa định kỳ và vệ sinh răng miệng tốt có thể giúp làm giảm chảy máu miệng và giảm các can thiệp nha khoa lớn.Thu, 16 Apr 2020 18:34:35 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/tin-hoat-dong/quy-haemophilia-novo-nordisk--nnhf--lam-viec-tai-viet-nam/p5i177.htmlQuỹ Haemophilia Novo Nordisk (NNHF) làm việc tại Việt NamTừ ngày 25 đến 27/2/2020, Quỹ Haemophilia Novo Nordisk đã đến thăm và làm việc với Hội Rối loạn Đông máu Việt Nam để đánh giá tình hình triển khai dự án “Hỗ trợ mở rộng mạng lưới hemophilia và chăm sóc hemophilia cơ bản tại Việt Nam” và thảo luận về các nội dung hợp tác trong giai đoạn tiếp theo.Mon, 02 Mar 2020 09:21:48 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/tin-hoat-dong/hoi-thao-mang-luoi-hemophilia-khu-vuc-dong-nam-a-dien-ra-tai-ha-noi/p5i173.htmlHội thảo Mạng lưới Hemophilia khu vực Đông Nam Á diễn ra tại Hà NộiTừ ngày 24-26/8/2019, Liên đoàn Hemophilia Thế giới tổ chức Hội thảo Mạng lưới Hemophilia khu vực Đông Nam Á tại Khách sạn Hilton, Hà Nội.Sat, 24 Aug 2019 17:28:18 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/tin-hoat-dong/20-nam-vi-cuoc-song-nguoi-co-hemophilia/p5i172.html20 năm vì cuộc sống người có hemophiliaSáng 23/8/2019, Viện Huyết học – Truyền máu Trung ương tổ chức Lễ kỷ niệm 20 năm thành lập Trung tâm Hemophilia (1999 – 2019) và Hội nghị tổng kết chương trình Liên minh toàn cầu vì sự phát triển (Global Alliance for Progress - GAP) trong chăm sóc hemophilia giai đoạn 2016 – 2019.Fri, 23 Aug 2019 18:29:03 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/thong-bao/thong-bao-lich-to-chuc-le-tong-ket-chuong-trinh-gap-va-ky-niem-20-nam-thanh-lap-tt-hemophilia/p6i171.htmlThông báo lịch tổ chức Lễ tổng kết chương trình GAP và kỷ niệm 20 năm thành lập TT HemophiliaThoòng báo lịch tổ chức hội thảo tổng kết chương trình Liên minh toàn cầu vì sự phát triển và Lễ kỷ niệm 20 năm thành lập Trung tâm Hemophilia, Viện Huyết học - Truyền máu Trung ươngThu, 15 Aug 2019 07:47:38 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/thong-bao/thong-bao-ve-hoi-nghi-quoc-te-cua-lien-doan-hemophilia-the-gioi-nam-2020/p6i170.htmlThông báo về Hội nghị quốc tế của Liên đoàn Hemophilia Thế giới năm 2020 Hội nghị quốc tế của Liên đoàn Hemophilia Thế giới là sự kiện lớn nhất trên toàn cầu dành cho cộng đồng rối loạn đông máu với hàng ngàn người tham dự là các chuyên gia y tế đầu ngành về rối loạn đông máu, những người làm vận động chính sách cho hemophilia, cùng với đại diện của các hội bệnh nhân, người nhà bệnh nhânMon, 24 Jun 2019 09:51:50 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/tin-hoat-dong/phat-trien-them-10-trung-tam-dieu-tri-hemophilia-tren-ca-nuoc/p5i169.htmlPhát triển thêm 10 trung tâm điều trị hemophilia trên cả nướcNgày 19/6/2019, tại Viện Huyết học - Truyền máu Trung ương đã diễn ra cuộc họp triển khai Dự án Hỗ trợ mở rộng mạng lưới hemophilia và chăm sóc hemophilia cơ bản tại Việt Nam. Dự án do Quỹ Haemophilia Novo Nordisk tài trợ.Thu, 20 Jun 2019 09:23:28 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/tin-hoat-dong/mit-tinh-ky-niem-ngay-hemophilia-the-gioi-tai-ha-noi/p5i168.htmlMít tinh kỷ niệm Ngày Hemophilia Thế giới tại Hà NộiKỷ niệm Ngày Hemophilia Thế giới - 17/4/2019, tại Hà Nội, Hội Rối loạn đông máu Việt Nam phối hợp với Viện Huyết học - Truyền máu Trung ương tổ chức Hội nghị bệnh nhân và ra mắt phim tư liệu về hemophilia.Thu, 18 Apr 2019 11:57:15 +0700http://hemoviet.org.vn/tin-hoat-dong/ra-mat-phim-phong-su-hemophilia--buoc-toi-ngay-mai-/p5i167.htmlRa mắt phim phóng sự hemophilia "Bước tới ngày mai"Điều trị chảy máu sớm cho người có hemophilia không chỉ mang đến những lợi ích về mặt sức khỏe và tinh thần cho người bệnh, mà còn làm giảm gánh nặng cho gia đình người có hemophilia và xã hộiWed, 17 Apr 2019 17:47:11 +0700

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YU Blog List https://blogs.yu.edu List of blogs Tue, 28 Feb 2023 20:18:08 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=5.2.2 Rabbi Dr. Ari Berman Discusses The Final Exam as Part of the Annual Seforim Sale https://blogs.yu.edu/2023/02/28/rabbi-dr-ari-berman-discusses-the-final-exam-as-part-of-the-annual-seforim-sale/ Tue, 28 Feb 2023 20:18:08 +0000 https://blogs.yu.edu/?p=1389 On Feb. 7, following the opening of the Seforim Sale, Rabbi Dr. Ari Berman, President of Yeshiva University, held a book launch for The Final Exam, a compilation of his letters to students.

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]]> On Feb. 7, following the opening of the Seforim Sale, Rabbi Dr. Ari Berman, President of Yeshiva University, held a book launch for The Final Exam, a compilation of his letters to students. At the event, Dr. Erica Brown, Vice Provost and Director of the Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks-Herenstein Center for Values and Leadership, he discussed, among other topics, the book’s letters and why he felt there was a need for the book.

In The Final Exam, Rabbi Berman presents the core Torah values that inspire a life of wisdom, contribution and purpose through the powerful medium of personal letters. With penetrating analysis of core texts, the perspectives of his own teachers and stories of his journey through and to Yeshiva University, Rabbi Berman offers a compelling, multi-valanced prism that honors Torah U-Madda as an educational philosophy while expanding it into a worldview that also embraces truth, dignity, and compassion. In the book, he encourages readers to integrate these values into a life of faith and religious integrity that sets as its goal a path to redemption.

Dr. Erica Brown in Conversation with Rabbi Dr. Ari Berman on his New Book, The Final Exam

In addition to discussing YU’s Core Torah Values with Dr. Brown, Rabbi Berman discussed what inspired him to write the book. He referred to the great sage Rava, who taught that in the fullness of time, after one departs from this world, each of us is asked six questions about how we spent our time in this world. Rabbi Berman discussed how, collectively, the answers to these questions express the way in which we lived, worked, loved, studied and built a better tomorrow. These questions challenge us and guide us at crossroads in our lives and in our day-to-day decisions. From the Rava’s perspective, all of our education and years on earth are a preparation for this final exam.

“Sometimes as students, we are so focused on the grade and the task ahead that we lose sight of our real goals and purpose,” said Rabbi Berman. “For you, our students, and for all members of our community who are seeking to continue growing in your life journey, I hope this book helps spark your thinking about your potential to lead lives of meaning, service and contribution.”

The event ended with a question-and-answer session with students and a book signing.

Rabbi Berman’s book launch was just one of the many events at the Seforim Sale. Other events included a talk with Rabbanit Chana Henkin about her son’s book, Studies in Halakha and Rabbinic History; a conversation with Dan Grunfeld, author of By the Grace of the Game; the introduction of a new book, Batei Yosef, by Rabbi Herschel Schachter and Rabbi Mordechai Willig that was edited by Rabbi Daniel Feldman and Rabbi Josh Flug, and a launch of Rabbi Dr. Samuel Lebens’ new book, A Guide for the Jewish Undecided.

The sale also marked the kickoff of Jewish Values Month, sponsored by the Sy Syms School of Business in celebration of the School’s 36th anniversary. Part of that celebration included “What’s the Secret to Making It All Work?,” a panel of successful executives discussing practical workplace Halacha [Jewish law].

Open to YU students, faculty, staff as well as the broader community, the sale had thousands of orders with many thousands of visitors throughout its 19-day run.

For more information about Rabbi Berman’s new book and the full interview, visit yu.edu/thefinalexam

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]]> From Terrorism to Climate Change, Young Diplomats Take on Y.U. Model U.N. https://blogs.yu.edu/2023/02/14/from-terrorism-to-climate-change-young-diplomats-take-on-y-u-model-u-n/ Wed, 15 Feb 2023 01:54:44 +0000 https://blogs.yu.edu/?p=1384 Utilizing real-life diplomacy and debating skills and advocating passionately for the interests of their assigned countries, budding statesmen and stateswomen gathered for the 33rd annual Yeshiva University National Model United Nations (YUNMUN) on February 5-7.

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]]> 370 High School Delegates Gather for the largest Orthodox Academic Competition for High School Students in the Country

Utilizing real-life diplomacy and debating skills and advocating passionately for the interests of their assigned countries, budding statesmen and stateswomen gathered for the 33^rd annual Yeshiva University National Model United Nations (YUNMUN) on February 5-7. The event brought together 370 high school delegates from 42 schools in the U.S., Brazil, Canada, and Israel and 60 undergraduate moderators and event staff from Yeshiva University for simulated U.N. committee debates. Mirroring the proceedings of official U.N. sessions, the three-day competition illustrated to the students the complex landscape of international diplomacy.

YUNMUN is the largest Orthodox academic competition for high school students in the country. The young diplomats were divided into 16 committees, each chaired by a Yeshiva University undergraduate. The committees addressed critical global issues driving sensitive debates in New York and Geneva including supply chains, semiconductors, terrorism, nuclear proliferation, arms control, climate change, refugee crises, and education equity. To best advocate for their assigned country, students conducted thorough research across a wide range of issues and concerns, adding to their knowledge of world affairs and to their appreciation of, and facility with, research, preparation, communication, and critical evaluation.

YUNMUN participants debate the diplomatic issues of the day

This year’s YUNMUN coincided with Tu B’Shvat, leading to the theme of the two-day event: “Planting the Seeds for the Future.” Eytana Schick (’23 Stern College for Women), a six-year veteran of YUNMUN and this year’s Secretary General, reflected on the significance of this theme, saying, “Tu B’Shvat is a time to take small steps towards making a significant impact in the future. It’s a time to reflect on our growth and development, and to sow the seeds for our futures as individuals, as a Jewish nation, and as a global community.”

“Through my six years participating in YUNMUN which started in high school, I have been able to develop valuable skills all while learning about crucial global issues – takeaways which I hope this year’s delegates experienced during this year’s forum. This demonstrates the exciting programming that Yeshiva University offers, which is helping me prepare for a career while having a lot of fun in the process,” Schick continued.

Marc Zharnest, YU Director of Undergraduate Admissions shared “YUNMUN is one of the proud hallmark events run by YU’s Office of Undergraduate Admissions. For the past 33 years, we have had the privilege of seeing many of these inquisitive delegates go on to matriculate to our campus community and impact the greater world. This year’s program was especially noteworthy, with the participation of the first ever student delegation from Israel, which reinforced the central themes and purpose of the competition. This student run simulation allows high school students an opportunity to engage and debate real world issues, and the nature of this exercise lends itself to the essence of what this university stands for and its Core Torah Values.”

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]]> YESHIVA UNIVERSITY APPROVES A NEW STUDENT CLUB GROUNDED IN HALACHA TO ENHANCE SUPPORT FOR ITS LGBTQ UNDERGRADUATES https://blogs.yu.edu/2022/10/24/yeshiva-university-approves-a-new-student-club-grounded-in-halacha-to-enhance-support-for-its-lgbtq-undergraduates/ Mon, 24 Oct 2022 15:24:01 +0000 https://blogs.yu.edu/?p=1326 Yeshiva University, America’s flagship Jewish university, today announced a new initiative grounded in Halacha and Torah values to support its LGBTQ undergraduates, including strengthening its on-campus support services and endorsing a new student club that presents an approved traditional Orthodox alternative to YU Pride Alliance.

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]]> Will Continue to Defend Against the Claim that Yeshiva Is Not a Religious Institution

New York, NY—Oct. 24, 2022—Yeshiva University, America’s flagship Jewish university, today announced a new initiative grounded in Halacha and Torah values to support its LGBTQ undergraduates, including strengthening its on-campus support services and endorsing a new student club that presents an approved traditional Orthodox alternative to YU Pride Alliance.

Yeshiva, since its inception, has been and remains a faith community dedicated to fostering and disseminating the principles, values, and dicta of the Torah in today’s world. Yeshiva’s religio-educational efforts are animated by a personalized love for all its students and a profound sense of responsibility for their spiritual and mental wellbeing. In keeping with this, Yeshiva is:

Establishing the Kol Yisrael Areivim Club for LGBTQ students striving to live authentic Torah lives. This newly founded undergraduate student club, which emerges from Yeshiva’s principles and its students’ interest for a club under traditional Orthodox auspices, was approved by the Administration, in partnership with lay leadership, and endorsed by senior Roshei Yeshiva. It also reflects input and perspectives from conversations between Yeshiva’s rabbis, educators, and current and past undergraduate LGBTQ students. The club will provide students with space to grow in their personal journeys, navigating the formidable challenges that they face in living a fully committed, uncompromisingly authentic halachic life within Orthodox communities. Within this association students may gather, share their experiences, host events, and support one another while benefiting from the full resources of the Yeshiva community – all within the framework of Halacha – as all other student clubs.

Enhancing on-campus support services for its LGBTQ students – Yeshiva continues to be committed to working with its students to identify additional ways in which it can strengthen its support systems. These efforts will build on the resources currently in place, which already include:
- sensitivity training for faculty and staff;
- specialized consultations through the counseling center;
- strict anti-harassment, anti-bullying and anti-discrimination policies;
- an ongoing LGBTQ support group; and
- educational sessions for incoming students during orientation.

Rabbi Dr. Ari Berman, President of Yeshiva University, said, “We are eager to support and facilitate the religious growth and personal life journeys of all of our students to lead authentic Torah lives, and we hope that this Torah based initiative with a new student club tailored to Yeshiva’s undergraduate LGBTQ students will provide them with meaningful support to do so.”

Rabbi Hershel Schachter, Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshiva University, said, “I add my blessing to this initiative and new student club, which we hope deepens our students’ commitment to the Torah and leads to harmony in our Yeshiva University community.”

Ira Mitzner, Chairman of Yeshiva University’s Board of Trustees, added, “I am thankful for the strong partnership between the Administration, rabbinic and lay leadership, and fully support this new initiative.”

The essential features of Yeshiva’s undergraduate curriculum and campus life form the basis for a deeply religious student experience during their formative years, including two single-sex campuses, multiple prayer services throughout the day, Shabbat regulations, kashrut observance and a daily schedule requiring hours of Torah study. Every undergraduate student who makes the personal choice to come to Yeshiva is choosing this religiously driven environment and curriculum, instead of other college experiences.

To protect its ability to fulfill its mission and operate its undergraduate program consistent with Torah values, Yeshiva will continue to defend itself in the lawsuit that was brought against it by the YU Pride Alliance based on the claim that Yeshiva is not a religious institution.

About Yeshiva University:

As the flagship Jewish university, Yeshiva University is animated by its five core Torah values: Seek Truth (Torat Emet), Live Your Values (Torat Chaim), Discover Your Potential (Torat Adam), Act With Compassion (Torat Chesed) and Bring Redemption (Torat Zion). Founded in 1886, Yeshiva University brings together the ancient traditions of Jewish law and life and the heritage of Western civilization. More than 7,400 undergraduate and graduate students study at YU’s four New York City campuses: the Wilf Campus, Israel Henry Beren Campus, Brookdale Center, and Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus. YU’s three undergraduate schools – Yeshiva College, Stern College for Women, and Sy Syms School of Business – offer a unique dual program comprised of Jewish studies and liberal arts courses. Its graduate and affiliate schools include Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Wurzweiler School of Social Work, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Azrieli Graduate School of Jewish Education and Administration, Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies, the Katz School of Science and Health and Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary. YU is ranked among the nation’s leading academic institutions.

Visit the YU Web site at www.yu.edu

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]]> https://blogs.yu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/YU-Shield-C-138x130.jpg Yeshiva University FAQs regarding student clubs and the current lawsuit https://blogs.yu.edu/2022/10/24/yeshiva-university-faqs-regarding-student-clubs-and-the-current-lawsuit/ Mon, 24 Oct 2022 15:22:14 +0000 https://blogs.yu.edu/?p=1331 Yeshiva University FAQs regarding student clubs and the current lawsuit

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]]> 1. Q: If Yeshiva University feels an equally profound sense of responsibility for all of its undergraduates, including LGBTQ students, why did it need to create a new club rather than recognize an LGBTQ club that is found at other universities?

A: Yeshiva is the flagship Jewish university. Rooted in core Torah values and an educational philosophy of Torah u-Madda that prioritizes Torah while simultaneously recognizing the religious value of worldly wisdom, Yeshiva has been committed to training the next generation of Jews in its Orthodox teachings for over 130 years.

The undergraduate experience at Yeshiva is intentionally designed to be an intensely religious one during the formative years of our students’ lives. Its fundamental purpose is to faithfully transmit our multimillennial biblical and halachic tradition to enable our students to integrate their faith and practice in lives of contribution, impact and personal meaning. The essential features of our campus life form the basis for a deeply religious student experience, including two single-sex campuses, multiple prayer services throughout the day, Shabbat regulations, kashrut observance and extra Torah study opportunities in the evenings. The daily schedule of our undergraduate students requires hours of Torah study—so much so, that, upon graduation, Yeshiva confers an Associate Degree in Hebrew Language, Literature, and Culture to nearly the entire undergraduate student population (over 90%) in addition to the Bachelor’s Degree of their particular academic major. In our dual-curriculum program, every Yeshiva student is in effect a double major, with Jewish studies serving as the basis for everyone’s education. In addition, on our men’s campus, our world renowned rabbinic and post rabbinic ordination program—the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (RIETS)—seamlessly integrates with and influences the undergraduate experience and environment. Every undergraduate student who makes the personal choice to come to Yeshiva is choosing this religiously driven environment and curriculum, instead of other college experiences.

We love all of our students including those who identify as LGBTQ. Through our deep personal relationships and conversations with them, we have felt their struggles to fit into an orthodox world that could appear to them as not having a place for them. We recognize the inherent challenges of our LGBTQ students who are fully committed to live uncompromising halachic lives. Their struggles are our struggles, and we remain eager to support and facilitate their religious growth and personal life journeys.

Our efforts to formulate a Torah framework to provide our LGBTQ students with profound support is driven by our deep commitment to them and recognition that those who choose to attend an orthodox university come with a different set of expectations and navigate different challenges than those in a typical secular college setting.

Pride Alliance is a recognized movement in colleges throughout the country that not only fights anti-LGBTQ discrimination, a cause which we fully support, but also promotes activities that conflict with Torah laws and values. While an adoption of this national brand is inherently unacceptable in the context of Yeshiva, we also realize the need to find additional ways to be supportive of our students that are consistent with Halacha and inspired by our values. That is what we have done with the approval of this new student club. It is worth noting that this approach is in line with other devout faith-based universities nationwide, who similarly do not host Pride Alliances but have established clubs consistent with their own faith-based languages and traditions.

2. Q: What enables this new club to fit within Yeshiva’s principles? Will Yeshiva take any further steps to enhance the support services in place for its LGBTQ students?

A: Yeshiva has approved a club that respects the unique and irreplaceable value of each individual, assists our LGBTQ students in their journey in living an authentic Torah life, and is built upon a foundation of uncompromising Halacha. This club will be infused with the value of chessed in which our students share their experiences, support each other, and benefit from the full resources of Yeshiva University. Like all clubs on campus, this club will find nourishment within our rich heritage and not advocate against the Torah’s teachings. Its name and symbols emerge organically from our tradition.

See below for further details.

Statement of Guiding Principles

Yeshiva University, since its inception, has been and remains a faith community dedicated to fostering and disseminating the principles, values, and dicta of the Torah in today’s world.
Yeshiva University’s religio-educational efforts are animated by:

Personalized love for all Jews
A profound sense of responsibility (ערבות – Arvus) for their authentic spiritual and mental wellbeing.

Yeshiva University recognizes and empathizes with the formidable challenges which our LGBTQ identifying students face in living a fully committed, uncompromisingly authentic halachic life within our communities. Their challenges are our challenges, their struggles are our struggles.

In keeping with these principles, and our students’ interest for an association under traditional Orthodox auspices, Yeshiva is establishing a student club for undergraduates: the Kol Yisrael Areivim Club for LGBTQ students striving to live authentic Torah lives. This club was approved by the Administration, in partnership with lay leadership, and endorsed by senior Roshei Yeshiva. It also reflects input and perspectives from conversations between Yeshiva’s rabbis, educators and current and past undergraduate LGBTQ students. The club will provide our students with space to grow in their personal journeys, navigating the formidable challenges which they face in living a fully committed, uncompromisingly authentic halachic life within our communities. Within this association, students may gather, share their experiences, host events and support one another while benefiting from the full resources of the Yeshiva University community – all within the framework of Halacha – as all other student clubs.

Yeshiva University is also committed to continuing and enhancing the support systems already in place for our students. Such measures already include:

sensitivity training for faculty and staff;
specialized consultations through the counseling center;
strict anti-harassment, anti-bullying, and anti-discrimination policies;
an ongoing LGBTQ support group; and
educational sessions for incoming students during orientation.

We will work with our students to identify ways in which we can enhance and add to these support services. Through these efforts, we hope to further enhance our campus life for all of our students, and project the loving and caring spirit that emanates from our Torah.

3. Q: Does this announcement affect Yeshiva’s ongoing defense and appeal of the New York lower court’s ruling requiring it to immediately establish a YU Pride Alliance on its undergraduate campus?

A: No. Yeshiva must continue to defend itself in the suit that was brought against the University in April 2021. Once we were sued with the claim that we were not a religious institution and that we lacked full religious authority over our environment, the matter became broader than endorsing an LGBTQ club. If the trial court’s ruling is upheld, Yeshiva would become subject to the full scope of the New York law at issue, which also prohibits religious decision making. Yeshiva could then face challenges, like any secular school, for its religion-based decisions such as maintaining sex-segregated campuses, preserving its synagogues and houses of study exclusively for Jewish worship, and its rabbinic hiring practices for those who teach its Torah courses.

In its ruling, the lower court pieced together an argument that undermines our ability to operate our institution consistent with our values. The implications of this ruling are deleterious to the very fabric of our educational institution, with potential consequences way beyond Yeshiva. We therefore must continue to defend Yeshiva against the claim that it is not a religious institution and protect our ability to make our own decisions about internal religious matters, now and in the future.

See Additional Information & Background (Appendix 1) below for editorials and excerpts from amici briefs from prominent legal scholars, rabbinic leaders across the globe, and faith leaders around the country discussing the grave consequences of this case and essential need to support Yeshiva in these legal proceedings.

4. Q: Does Yeshiva’s charter registered under the Education Law undermine the claim that it is a religious school?

A: No. All educational institutions in New York are required to charter under the Education Law including seminaries and our own rabbinic and post-rabbinic ordination program, RIETS.

Central to the plaintiffs’ case is the misrepresentation that Yeshiva is not a religious school. For example, the lawsuit tries to “prove” that Yeshiva is secular by pointing out that Jewish Studies is not one of the five top majors of Yeshiva students—ignoring the fact that Jewish studies is an essential feature every day for every undergraduate student. As described above, all of Yeshiva students deeply engage in religious courses—enough for over 90% of Yeshiva’s undergraduates to receive an Associate Degree from Yeshiva University in Hebrew Language, Literature, and Culture.

The lawsuit also claims that Yeshiva needs to choose between either being an educational institution or a religious one. This reduces religion to either prayer or the study of Torah text. Indeed, our educational philosophy, like yeshiva day schools throughout the country, is that our holistic experience—including our academic studies—are essential to our religious mission. Other Orthodox and religious institutions across New York State are similarly susceptible to this same kind of re-interpretation of their charters by the courts (see Additional Information & Background (Appendix 2) below for a statement by Agudath Israel about how this ruling against Yeshiva threatens innumerable yeshivot and Jewish day schools.) It should also be noted that religious schools of all faiths in New York and throughout the United States, other than ordination seminaries, typically combine religious education with the provision of professional degrees.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Yeshiva revised its corporate charter and reincorporated as an educational corporation, as was required by changes to New York law. At no time did Yeshiva change its mission and its purpose, as reflected by its intense educational curriculum and daily religious activities. To “prove” their point, the plaintiffs take out of context the charter’s reference to our mission, citing our charter as saying that we are “organized and operated exclusively for educational purposes.” The charter’s language, however, expressly says:

“Yeshiva University is and continues to be organized and operated exclusively for educational purposes”

This language clearly references that the revised charter continues the purpose laid out in the former one, namely to educate Jewish students to be rooted in the Orthodox faith. The previous charter spoke about “the study of Talmud.” As Yeshiva expanded to add professional degrees, it continued to operate “exclusively for educational purposes,” which in our religious worldview is part of our religious mission.

5. Q: As a religious institution of higher education, can Yeshiva accept government funds?

A: Yes. In fact, almost all religious universities and colleges receive state and federal funding. The Supreme Court has ruled repeatedly—as recently as this June—that, when the government makes funding generally available, it cannot discriminate in the distribution of those funds based on religion. For example, it can’t offer Pell grants to students generally but then deny them to students who want to go to a religious school. That would be religious discrimination.

6. Q: Did Yeshiva cancel all undergraduate student clubs?

A: No. We never cancelled undergraduate student clubs. In fact, clubs had not even started yet. There were only four days left before we began the holiday schedule, which meant that students would not be on campus for a month, from before Rosh Hashanah until after the Sukkot holiday break. Yeshiva thus simply deferred the start of club activity on campus for four days.

Our public statements clearly referenced this holiday break and our intention to start clubs after the holidays, which we have done as planned. Unfortunately, our decision was deeply mischaracterized.

See Additional Information & Background (Appendix 3) below for further detail regarding this topic.

7. Q: Do the same expectations that apply to the undergraduate schools apply to Yeshiva’s professional and academic graduate schools?

A: No. The way Yeshiva applies Torah values in its undergraduate schools is very different than the approach in the graduate schools.

We are very clear about the type of environment that exists on our undergraduate campus, and every undergraduate student who makes the personal choice to come to Yeshiva is choosing this religiously driven environment and curriculum, instead of other college experiences.

As students move from their formative years to our professional graduate schools, there is a shift in focus towards professional training and academic research. These schools, comprising a diverse student population, excel in their scholarship and education of excellent professionals in their respective fields. These schools also embody our core values to “Seek Truth, Discover your Potential, Live your Values, Act with Compassion and Bring Redemption,” in their respective learning communities. They also follow a Jewish calendar and maintain kosher standards to facilitate an accessible experience to our Orthodox Jewish students. But the focus is wholly different and so are the assumptions of student life.

Additional Information and Background:

Appendix 1 – Perspectives from others on Yeshiva’s legal position and the importance of maintaining its ability to operate consistent with its religious values:

The implications of the New York lower court’s decision have been explicated clearly in op-eds written about the case, including by William McGurn of the Wall Street Journal and former D.C. Circuit Judge Thomas Griffith.

In addition, prominent legal scholars, rabbinic leaders across the globe, and faith leaders around the country have written amicus briefs in support of our position:

“Yeshiva University is the nation’s premier center for Jewish education and is deeply religious to its core. Its very name means ‘school for the study of Jewish sacred texts.’ Yet the lower court ignored thousands of pages of evidence and focused instead on just a few documents—and a stilted view of public accommodations law— to reach its preordained conclusion.”

Professor Richard Epstein, the Laurence A. Tisch Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, the Peter and Kirsten Bedford Senior Lecturer at the Hoover Institution, and the James Parker Hall Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus and Senior Lecturer at the University of Chicago.

“The First Amendment protects the right of religious institutions ‘to decide for themselves, free from state interference, matters of [religious] government as well as those of faith and doctrine.’” Our Lady of Guadalupe Sch. v. Morrissey-Berru, 140 S. Ct. 2049, 2055 (2020) (quoting Kedroff v. Saint Nicholas Cathedral of Russian Orthodox Church in N. Am., 344 U.S. 94, 116 (1952)). This foundational principle of religious autonomy protects the ability of religious institutions like Yeshiva University to carry out their missions in accord with their faith. And it prevents the state, including the courts, from interfering with and becoming entangled in disputes about religious doctrine and belief.”

Professor Douglas Laycock, Robert E. Scott Distinguished Professor of Law and Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Virginia and the Alice McKean Young Regents Chair in Law Emeritus at the University of Texas

“Yeshiva University has earned a reputation as one of the jewels in the crown of world Jewry precisely because of its leading role in cultivating Torah values and beliefs for all Jews. As such, it is my view that Yeshiva University’s right to uphold religious liberty in the application of its Torah values must be protected. This is essential in maintaining its leading role as a preeminent Jewish educational institution and bastion of Jewish belief and tradition.”

Rabbi Ephraim Mirvis, Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Great Britain and the Commonwealth

“Yeshiva’s ability to make decisions, in consultation with its Senior Rabbis, about how best to convey Torah values is at the heart of what it means to be a Jewish educational institution.”

Rabbi Binyamin Blau, President and Rabbi Mark Dratch, Executive Vice President, The Rabbinical Council of America

“(Yeshiva) is also crucial to the transmission of Jewish values and beliefs to those who are called upon to sustain and strengthen our communities worldwide. On behalf of these communities, it is our hope and prayer that Yeshiva’s right to make decisions about how best to apply Torah values within its own campus community will be upheld.”

Rabbi Dr. Warren Goldstein, Chief Rabbi of South Africa

“I write this letter from Kyiv, as the Chief Rabbi of Ukraine, after 6 months of chaos, conflict, and struggle. In response to this conflict, we have evacuated 30,000 people and saved many more. Despite the ongoing efforts, it feels of the utmost importance that I take this time to write this letter to address the current situation at Yeshiva University. On behalf of the Ukrainian Jewish Community, it is my hope and prayer that Yeshiva’s right to make decisions about how best to apply Torah values within its own campus community will be upheld.”

Rabbi Moshe Reuven Azman, Chief Rabbi of Ukraine

“Yeshiva University is one of the world’s most preeminent Jewish institutions. The value of Yeshiva’s role in upholding Torah beliefs and traditions for all Jews is, in our view, inestimable.”

Rabbi Eliezer Igra, Judge of the High Rabbinical Court, Israel

“As leaders of Jewish communities and institutions across the globe, we wish to express our support of Yeshiva University’s right to uphold religious liberty in the application of its Torah values.”

Chief Rabbi Pinchas Goldschmidt, President of the Conference of European Rabbis

“Yeshiva’s Application for Emergency Relief and Petition for a Writ of Certiorari are critical for our community’s ability to transmit to students in Jewish religious institutions of learning the ideological messages that have been taught in our faith for over 3000 years.”

Nathan Lewin, Counsel of Record

COLPA (National Jewish Commission on Law and Public Affairs)

Agudath Harabbanim of the United States and Canada

Orthodox Jewish Chamber of Commerce

Orthodox Union (Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America)

Rabbinical Alliance of America

Torah Umesorah (National Society for Hebrew Day Schools)

“Ultimately, Agudath Israel believes that any ruling, such as the one appealed from here, that derogates the wide range of First Amendment protections available to institutions to determine their own internal policies and structure in favor of a local law to the contrary could have dire national consequences. It can hardly be gainsaid that Yeshiva University itself has, for a century, been an important institution of higher learning and a major center of Torah scholarship in New York. Yet the New York state courts have decreed that, notwithstanding the iconic place of Yeshiva University as central to the modern continuation of one of the world’s most ancient and influential traditions, a judge’s perusal of its organizing documents may render Yeshiva University just another college in the eyes of the law. This judicial act arrogates to the state a power it not only does not have, but which it is prohibited to assume under the First Amendment.”

Agudath Israel of America

“The decision below—and the unreasoned refusal of the New York appellate courts to grant a stay of that decision—are a grave and pressing threat to religious liberty that warrants this Court’s immediate action. If not checked now, amici and many other religious institutions may soon face precisely the same impossible choice now presented to Yeshiva University: abandon your faith or risk being held in contempt. As explained below, the Constitution forbids this in the clearest and most fundamental terms; this Court should do the same, and without delay.”

The Archdiocese of New York,

Biola University,

Brigham Young University,

Cedarville University,

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,

The Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission,

Houston Baptist University,

Liberty University,

the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops,

Wheaton College

“Because Yeshiva is almost certain to succeed on the merits, and because protecting the First Amendment rights of Yeshiva and other religious schools would substantially benefit the public interest, this Court should grant the application.”

Association of Classical Christian Schools

“That is also why this case—which threatens to deprive religious schools of their ability to shape their communities according to their beliefs—is of great concern to Amicus Council for Christian Colleges & Universities (“CCCU”), which comprises some 140 faith-based institutions in the United States. Like Yeshiva, CCCU’s member schools cannot achieve their religiously motivated goals unless they can choose the standards governing campus life.”

Council for Christian Colleges & Universities (“CCCU”)

Appendix 2 – Statement by Agudath Israel of America, which filed a brief at the U.S. Supreme Court supporting Yeshiva:

Agudath Israel represents and serves Jewish schools across New York City. A sizable number of such schools, for reasons based in legal, regulatory or other considerations likely lost in the depths of time, are incorporated as educational institutions. . . . Although the New York City Human Rights Law (“NYCHRL”) explicitly exempts religious schools incorporated under the Education Law from its scope, the court below, in concluding that Yeshiva University was not eligible to qualify for that exemption, based its decision in part on its own determination of whether its organizing documents were sufficiently religious. This scrutiny both crossed a well-recognized line in First Amendment jurisprudence and threatens the status of religious liberties of innumerable schools whose interests are included in Agudath Israel’s mission.

Appendix 3 – Additional detail regarding the decision to delay the start of undergraduate student clubs:

Yeshiva’s decision to defer the start of club activity on campus by four days took into consideration the upcoming holiday break, which would allow us the time to both define a path forward that is consistent with Torah values and gain relief in the courts from the original ruling.

And in fact, after the Supreme Court’s September 14 ruling, we immediately followed the Court’s instructions and requested a ruling on the stay from the New York courts by October 3—well before students would return to campus.

It is worth noting that while the Supreme Court, by majority rule, denied the stay sought by Yeshiva, it did so in an unprecedented way. Every single Supreme Court justice saw the threat that the New York trial court order posed to Yeshiva’s religious identity, and all nine Justices suggested that Yeshiva was entitled to relief. Typically, the Court resolves stay requests with one-line orders. Here, the Court issued a full opinion with two remarkable features. First, four justices let us know that we were likely to win if Yeshiva came before them. Second, in a clear message to the lower New York courts, the full Court laid out the exact route Yeshiva needed to take to get back to the Supreme Court.

Per our expectation and plan, the New York courts agreed to reconsider their denial of the stay on September 19 and promised a new ruling by October 3. This was a strong indication that the New York courts were going to grant the stay in light of the Supreme Court’s decision. Two days after the New York Appellate Division set the court date, the plaintiffs issued a press release that they were going to accept a stay. The stay was entered shortly thereafter.

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]]> https://blogs.yu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/YU-Shield-C-138x130.jpg YU Blogs https://blogs.yu.edu/2012/05/03/yu-blogs/ https://blogs.yu.edu/2012/05/03/yu-blogs/#comments Thu, 03 May 2012 16:57:17 +0000 http://blogs.yu.edu/?p=928 YU Blogs Here is a list of Yeshiva University blogs. Offices and departments blog on a wide array of topics. We encourage you to check them out and participate in the conversation and exchange of ideas. Alumni News Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies Faculty News Katz School of Science and Health Wurzweiler School […]

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]]>

YU Blogs

Here is a list of Yeshiva University blogs. Offices and departments blog on a wide array of topics. We encourage you to check them out and participate in the conversation and exchange of ideas.

The post YU Blogs appeared first on YU Blog List.

]]> https://blogs.yu.edu/2012/05/03/yu-blogs/feed/ 1

domaintool

DomainTools | Start Here. Know Now. https://www.domaintools.com/ Start Here. Know Now. Wed, 26 Apr 2023 17:31:14 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.2 Indicators Over Cocktails: Iris Detect for Financial Services https://www.domaintools.com/resources/webinars/indicators-over-cocktails-iris-detect-for-financial-services/ Thu, 20 Apr 2023 22:30:08 +0000 https://www.domaintools.com/?p=23501 Join guest Tim Helming for a special edition of Indicators Over Cocktails focused on financial services.

The post Indicators Over Cocktails: Iris Detect for Financial Services appeared first on DomainTools | Start Here. Know Now..

]]> Date: May 18, 2023

Time: 3 PM PST/6 PM EST

Join guest Tim Helming for a special edition of Indicators Over Cocktails focused on financial services. In this installment, tune in to learn how to take advantage of the most trusted online infrastructure data, anywhere, to reduce risk for your financial services organization and find threats faster. In this session Tim will demonstrate how to:

Integrate DNS and domain data into your threat intelligence requirements
Map adversary infrastructure to expose previously-unseen campaigns
Infer targeting based on intelligence surfaced in Iris

This Month’s Mocktail: Grapefruit Rosemary Lemonade Sparklers

Source: https://peanutbutterpluschocolate.com/grapefruit-rosemary-lemonade-sparklers/

Ingredients:

3 Pink Grapefruit
2 Lemons
32 oz Sparkling Water
4 Rosemary Sprigs
Agave or stevia to taste (if desired)

Directions:

Use a citrus reamer to juice the grapefruits and lemons (or you can squeeze them by hand). Use a fine mesh strainer to remove any pulp or seeds.
Pour into a coupe or martini glass.
Add the sparkling water to your juice and mix well. Transfer to serving glasses with ice and finish with rosemary sprigs.

This Month’s Cocktail: Mai Tai

Source: http://www.chrisgall.com/pdt-book/ p. 168 (they in turn cite the Trader Vic’s Guide from 1972)

Ingredients:

1 oz Banks 5 Island Rum
1 oz Rhum Clement VSOP
1 oz lime juice
.5 oz Mari Brizard (or other) Orange Curacao
.5 oz Kassatly Chtaura (or other) Orgeat
Mint sprig

Directions:

Shake with ice and strain into chilled rocks glass filled with pebble ice
Garnish with mint sprig

The post Indicators Over Cocktails: Iris Detect for Financial Services appeared first on DomainTools | Start Here. Know Now..

]]> The Economic Benefits of DomainTools Internet Intelligence https://www.domaintools.com/resources/white-papers/esg-economic-benefits-of-domaintools-internet-intelligence/ Thu, 20 Apr 2023 16:44:30 +0000 https://www.domaintools.com/?p=23150 With so many emerging threats leveraging attacker-controlled domains across the globe, it is critical to have the ability to investigate and document as much information as possible regarding the origin of an attack, which other domains attackers are working with or acting against, and any other defining technical or behavioral information that can be used […]

The post The Economic Benefits of DomainTools Internet Intelligence appeared first on DomainTools | Start Here. Know Now..

]]> With so many emerging threats leveraging attacker-controlled domains across the globe, it is critical to have the ability to investigate and document as much information as possible regarding the origin of an attack, which other domains attackers are working with or acting against, and any other defining technical or behavioral information that can be used to help detect where attackers may appear next.

When threat hunting, many rely on simple Whois and DNS searches that can provide some basic information about how and when domains were registered, but SOC analysts, threat intelligence managers, and incident response teams looking to proactively identify and block access to attackers require more historical context and behavioral correlation to better profile threat actors, phishing sites, and typosquatters, among others, before they become a problem.

Download this white paper to learn how DomainTools can empower your security teams to:

Identify 83% more malicious domains per month
Spend 79% less time and effort on manual domain-related intelligence tasks
Increase response time by 14%
Proactively avoid up to 82% of incidents

The post The Economic Benefits of DomainTools Internet Intelligence appeared first on DomainTools | Start Here. Know Now..

]]> Removing the Mask: How Neurodiversity Strengthens Cybersecurity https://www.domaintools.com/resources/blog/removing-the-mask-how-neurodiversity-strengthens-cybersecurity/ Thu, 20 Apr 2023 15:51:41 +0000 https://www.domaintools.com/?p=23343 Nothing about us without us. If we’re going to talk about neurodiversity (ND) – or any marginalized group – we must start there. Even well-meaning initiatives without direct primary involvement of the group in question often fail due to the unknown unknowns: the hangups and landmines and invisible walls that aren’t visible unless experienced directly. […]

The post Removing the Mask: How Neurodiversity Strengthens Cybersecurity appeared first on DomainTools | Start Here. Know Now..

]]> Nothing about us without us.

If we’re going to talk about neurodiversity (ND) – or any marginalized group – we must start there. Even well-meaning initiatives without direct primary involvement of the group in question often fail due to the unknown unknowns: the hangups and landmines and invisible walls that aren’t visible unless experienced directly. So in discussing the experience of being neurodiverse in the technology space in general and security space in particular, we begin at this pillar to build a human, nuanced understanding.

Yet even here a complication immediately appears: due to its very definition, being neurodiverse is not necessarily a shared set of circumstances. Each person’s experience of neurodiversity will be different, and no person or group, even composed of the neurodiverse, can speak for all those circumstances. But the path forward as we see it lies in education, as well as community, destigmatization, and intersectional solidarity. In that spirit, your authors seek to share their own personal experiences of being neurodiverse in tech, and hopefully share something useful.

In November, a previous blog post laid out some neurodiversity basics and then talked about the theory and practice behind establishing an ND Employee Resource Group. While many definitions float around, we outlined neurodiversity as “essentially the idea that people perceive, experience, and operate in the world in different psychological and neurological ways, and that those differences are not inherently deficits or disabilities. Explicit is the recognition that the larger world is constructed for neurotypical groups – people who fall closer to the norm in the ways they sense and process – and it’s the social construction along those lines that causes more problems than our actual differences.” Also explicit is that medical diagnoses are not required to self-determine as neurodivergent; in fact, there are many stories of ND people not being listened to by medical establishments, and learning distrust instead. If you think you’re neurodivergent, that’s enough.

We seek to operate with the most inclusive form of neurodivergence possible. The more voices we have, the better we are. But there are also times that the collective concept erodes particular details and everything turns out fuzzy and indistinct. It is, in some cases, less helpful, less instructive, and so in this blog post we strive to present several individual points of view to make it more personal. Because to us, it is – intimately personal. This is how we live, and how we work; how we vibrate with joy, and melt down with overwhelm.

Why bother with all this neurodiversity stuff, though? What’s the benefit? What are we getting by including neurodivergents more deeply in the cybersecurity field?

For one, we’re already here, and very much so. And we’ve got some incredible talents to offer, and specific benefits like hyperfocus, superior pattern-matching, superior rules-alignment, and more.

But beyond that, it’s worth considering the criticality of our collective task in this industry. RAND recently released a great report on Neurodiversity in National Security that is well worth taking time to read, much of it transferring well to cybersecurity. In it, they talked about benefits of ND workers and barriers to hiring and advancement, but they underscored a single point more clearly than any other: “missions that are too important and too difficult to be left to those who use their brains only in typical ways.”

The missions are too important to attempt without us.

This may well be your colleague in the next cubicle over; or it may be you. It may be your direct report, or your boss, or your troubled son or thriving daughter.

Welcome.

Why Am I Reacting This Way? – Ian’s Story

Being different was nothing new for me. Childhood dyslexia and a stutter along with early onset depression and anxiety informed my nearly forty years up to 2020. But that year provided some stark moments in isolation that proved informative. Shortly into the pandemic I found myself in my San Mateo apartment full of rage, unable to concentrate, and shaking uncontrollably.

In a crowded neighborhood, one neighbor worked out by picking up very heavy things, shouting, and throwing them down hard enough to shake my apartment. Lockdown pressures had him venting like this two to three times a day for an hour at a time. The second neighbor whose property backed up to my apartment windows took up an entirely new hobby during lockdown – chainsaw wood sculpting, I kid you not. He ripped and roared into logs for hours at a time.

And I found myself paralyzed, trembling, even rocking a bit, and wondering: This sucks, but I shouldn’t be this bad. Why the hell am I reacting like this?

I’ve spent a lifetime playing with my senses in one way or another – multiple audio inputs, glasses with colored lenses, and more. Synesthesia made my sensory experience all the more vibrant at times, but also overwhelming. At least, I thought the overwhelm came from synesthesia. But looking back a pattern emerged that seemed significant – in fact, seemed consistent with some of the literature I had encountered about autism. So I began engaging with my doctor, and then additional resources, seeking to understand myself better, and a conclusion emerged: at nearly forty years old I received a diagnosis of autism and, along with it, sensory processing disorder.

Technology historian and author George Dyson gave a talk once in which he spoke of our digital world and information economy in the context of canoe builders. He identified two primary types of canoe builders:

There’s not much wood around where they live, so they use a wood frame and wrap it with animal skin.
There’s so much wood around that you make a canoe by removing wood (a dugout canoe).

Dyson continued that it’s the same with information. These days, we build our understanding of the world by removing, because there is so much information.

I want you to understand my primary experience of autism is one of building by digging out. So much information, so much noise, so much stimuli presents itself all at once. To create a coherent picture of what’s going on in any present moment is an act of digging out, digging out, digging out. Processing does not stop because the information does not stop. And the fatigue from just this alone is often debilitating.

If you read the previous blog post, you read about Jenara Nerenberg’s book Divergent Mind, and Elaine Aron’s research into Highly Sensitive Persons (HSPs) and the ND overlap , and that “what is moderately arousing for most people is highly arousing for HSPs.” Related brain imaging research shows that HSPs process stimuli more elaborately, with some brain regions more active during sensory processing and integration.

Highly Sensitive Persons also have a longer “pause to check” time – they “respond to new information by taking time to scan for nuanced details…” No wonder that I sometimes seem disconnected from people or lost to the moment, busy processing and scanning because my brain is taking some extra steps. That can put some people off. It can also make me very, very good at certain jobs. But of course the social stigma is there – the self-consciousness that I take just a little too long, scan just a little too hard, and thus don’t respond in ways people often expect.

My flavor of neurodivergence is not just a thunderous chorus of stimuli processing, but processing at depth, integrating with a rich and complex inner life that’s not always easy to relate off the cuff.

And along with that comes years of learned shame for being different in all sorts of ways, from my beloved fifth grade teacher regularly dumping my desk in front of the class to poor social outcomes teaching me that I was too much in some ways, not enough in others, and needed to chisel out particular masks to move among peers and others.

Masking is an incredibly hot topic among the autistic community (as well as the larger neurodiverse one). Essentially, masking is suppressing your own natural processes and responses from the world in an attempt to better accommodate the world and find a more accepted place within it. It can be conscious or unconscious, the result of strategy or a programmed behavior; it can be something as physical as learning to control a body or facial tick, or nonverbal body language, or stomping down your own desires, such as the desire to talk about a special interest, or the desire to silently participate in a conversation with your presence instead of speech. Masking comes from a fundamental inability of the typical-built world to allow for neurodivergence, and there is tragedy in that.

But there can also be a certain kind of personal agency. Learning more about yourself and your habits and your responses, and how to control them, you can choose when to mask and when not to. As you grow, you can become aware of how to carve your masks in different ways and how to change them in and out, and you learn there’s power in being able to determine who you are and how you’ll respond in any given situation.

Another thing to really understand about masking, for the purpose of this post, is that masking is very very exhausting. On top of the never-ending incoming stimuli, having to mask in order to not be rejected quickly leads to burnout. With less energy to regulate stimuli processing, meltdown can quickly follow.

Across neurodiverse populations, the fear of social rejection is strong and always looming. Comorbid with many neurodiversities is the condition Rejection-Sensitive Dysphoria (RSD), which should be on the radar of anyone interested in neurodiversity topics. RSD manifests as an oversized reaction – either inward or outward – to perceived failure or rejection. Other people may consider those with RSD as over-perfectionists, over-dramatic, or over-sensitive, but for our purposes it’s worth being clear about two overlapping mechanisms here:

In one sense, Rejection-Sensitive Dysphoria is theorized as an inability to regulate rejection-related feelings and overlaps with many other ND conditions that involve regulatory issues (such as sensory processing, in my case).

In another sense, rejection sensitivity can be easily theorized as a learned response to repeated traumas from being stigmatized and rejected due to neurodivergence.

Two for one! Great, huh? Bear in mind as well that social rejection also causes physical pain, and you will better understand some of the multiple sensory feedback loops between emotional dysregulation and sensory overwhelm.

In retrospect, starting my tech career in IT support was probably the hard choice. For quite a bit of time my only interaction with most co-workers involved something I was responsible for being broken. It was crushing. System and software failures led me to take things personally enough that my (excellent) boss at the time pulled me into a meeting. He acknowledged my frustration on multiple levels but also patiently explained that co-workers reporting what I felt were trivial or unreasonable IT issues weren’t doing it as a reflection on me or my work, but saw themselves as doing it helpfully, to identify issues that we’d want to know about.

Honestly? I had not considered that. And having that perspective pointed out allowed me to, slowly and painfully but progressively, adjust to a much healthier approach to work, reputation, and my place in the company. I needed that reality check, but it was done in a quiet manner by someone who put forth effort to make me feel safe and respected.

Managers that take the time to understand and applaud neurodiversity and work with problems can gain untold benefits – in this case, I thrived and developed from a level one or two support tech to a fully-fledged IT engineer, and then security operations engineer. I went from fixing Outlook profiles to rolling out entire new mail clusters and other internal software. And then moved into what I wanted for so long: security itself. Having the benefit of two consecutive bosses that are engaged, understanding, and open to non-standard ways of thinking and working helped shape me into a much more tangible benefit for them as well.

Superpower or Disability – Travis’ Story

One of the most interesting things about being neurodiverse is that the exact same features of my particular brand of neurodiversity make me exceptional, in both positive and negative directions. I was gifted and cursed with autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria (RSD), anxiety, and depression, and developed post traumatic stress disorder along the way. Each of these has caused challenges, but has also granted capability. Individually and collectively, these ‘disorders’ overlaid each other in a way that I was able to create a net I have used to climb to where I need to be. That is not to say that someone else with a similar blend of neurospice would gain similar results; luck and privilege definitely played their parts, but viewing these as traits and looking for advantage in them has helped while it hindered.

In my early professional career, I was deeply impacted in a negative way. When a contract ends and you’re told “you’re really great at what you do, and if we had a position that we just didn’t have to have you interact with anyone, we know you would really shine,” it stings a little. When, at the very next gig, they move you from an on-site role to being the only person consistently in the office, working on anything that can be handled remotely, it reinforces the lesson. But I was determined to be successful in this career, so when I was passed over for a promotion I legitimately felt entitled to, I went to my new technical lead and bluntly asked why he had been promoted instead of me, and he responded, while laughing, “because you were willing to ask that question!”

I didn’t know at the time that I was neurodivergent. Not in the way I now understand it. I knew I had ADHD and depression, but those were things to ignore or medicate away. Weaknesses, flaws, things to overcome. Looking back, I recognize that I truly felt the social part of any job was a waste of time and effort, that by focusing on technical skill and ability, I would get ahead. That technical lead could have easily had me go back to work as I had been, and if it were me, I would have.

But he used the people skills I ignored, and helped me understand the social interactions, the way that they interrelated with customers and coworkers and managers. How rapport turned to trust, which led to opportunities, which led to success. He spent well over a year truly coaching me, and when I moved on to my next role and the role after that, it was his lessons that helped me find success. What neither of us realized was that he was teaching me that it was important to mask.

Masking is a way of hiding your neurodivergence to interact with others in the way that they expect you to, and frankly it can be exhausting. Learning how and when to do it to be successful, I think, is one of the keys to fitting in with a primarily neurotypical workforce. But there are times and spaces here at DomainTools, where I’m around people I have already established trust with, built a team with, where I can take off the mask and be my weird, exceptional self, and occasionally it allows us to take a leap forward. What had been a disability, had cost me a job early in my career, had prevented me from promotions and bonuses, became a key to my success. Part of that was in figuring out when and how to reveal and rely on it, but a much larger part was in the manager and organization that listened, supported, and gave space to enable that success.

In later discussion with the manager, it was an accidental discovery that really led to this unique workflow. When he was visiting one of our data centers, he found a printed page left in the rack by someone I had sent in to do some hands-on work to resolve an emergency: the CEO and founder of Farsight Security, Paul Vixie. To me, the choice had been obvious at the time; Paul lived about an hour from the data center, had somewhat recently returned from a business trip, he was familiar with technology, he knew the location since he had founded Palo Alto Internet Exchange (PAIX), and customers were experiencing an outage; so I wrote a clear and concise set of instructions on what to do to end the outage, called Paul and sent the email. Paul printed the instructions, carried out the tasks, ended the outage, and left the print out in the cage where my new manager who had been with the company for about a month, but had worked for Paul for years before at a previous venture, found it a year or so later. He called me from the datacenter to ask about it, and I responded “Oh yeah! I forgot about that. There was an outage, and he was the only one close enough with technical experience.” He understood that my quirks had led to a faster resolution of the problem the customers were experiencing, and decided we could utilize that going forward; and we have.

That lack of social awareness that is a hallmark of autism has caused me to struggle and to succeed. It’s been both superpower and disability, depending on the situation, environment, and most importantly the people around me. To those who are neurodiverse, I advise you to work with those features, and find ways they can benefit you and those around you. To those working with neurodiverse folks, I strongly recommend that you utilize that diversity of insight and methodology to find more successful solutions and strategies for advancement. The “interesting” way may not be the right one, but it often helps highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the path you do eventually take.

Benefits of Developing Neurodiverse Employees

With the above experiences in mind, we now turn to neurodivergent advantages more generally. The aforementioned RAND report clearly lays out finding after finding from their informed interviews, including:

Research showing autistic people perform better on pattern-matching amidst noise, pattern construction, repetitive tasks with nuanced details, and many nonverbal assessments.
Accounting firm Ernst & Young vastly expanded its neurodiversity programs after finding the detail-oriented work of ND employees to be exemplary.

Software firm SAP noted teams including autistic individuals were responsible for “a rise in patent applications and innovation in products.”

The rules-oriented nature of national security work stands as a natural fit for many flavors of autism, providing an intrinsic boost to compliance and operational security.

In our experience, benefits also include:

Problem-solving from unique perspectives and both typical and unorthodox solution-finding as a matter of course.

Determination to not just fix but understand problems to their root cause.

The ability to hyperfocus on critical tasks in order to give them the attention they deserve and accomplish them in less time than a typical worker (but it should be noted that hyperfocus often needs to be followed by recovery time).

It’s this last benefit we turn to before moving on. In her book Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking, anthropologist Gabriella Coleman provides deep insight into the cognitive and social processes behind the rise of the free/open source software movement and related hacking concepts. As she talks about hackers amidst hyperfocus and a kind of flow state, and similar fixated and determined joy, Coleman writes “In its mild and commonplace form, hacker pleasure could be said to approximate the Aristotelian theory of eudaimonia, defined succinctly by philosopher Martha Nussbaum as “the unimpeded performance of the activities that constitute happiness.” The neurodiverse among us will recognize the sheer one-track minded thrill that comes from engaging with a deep and complex problem and letting all else fall away.

For our neurodiverse peers, find a place that helps you access that joy and exhilaration. For others in the industry, find neurodiverse candidates able to hit that state and keep running with a problem until it’s coded or hacked or engineered into completion.

You won’t regret it.

Advice for the Neurodiverse

When you’re frustrated, step back. Ian has this on a post-it note stuck to his monitor – too many times, frustration causes misalignment and miscommunication. Stepping back and taking a breath can adjust the entire tempo of an incident or encounter for the better.

Pay attention to your immediate environment, both in the physical and sensory departments. Pay attention to your comfort as well as your input and processing, and when you approach feelings of overwhelm try to work with them and see where they originate and how they can be mitigated.

Learn more about yourself, how you respond, and how you can take control of that. You shouldn’t need to mask, but there is power and agency in learning how to reclaim executive function and methods of self-regulation. Reading, research, meditation, psychotherapy, and specialized occupational therapy can all contribute here.

See everything you do as part of a budget. You only have so much time and energy, just like you only have so much money; so each act or task or project that depletes that should be part of the same budgeting process.

Relay to those around you resources that feel true to your experience as an act of expectation management. In many cases it’s not ability that’s in deficit, but regulation. Help people understand ahead of time if you’re comfortable doing so.

Find the others. Seek other neurodiverse people to ally with even if it’s just once a quarter over coffee – it doesn’t need to be something as formal as an Employee Resource Group (ERG), though it can be. You’re not alone and don’t need to walk alone.

Advice for Managers and Colleagues – including some points from DomainTools’ awesome Neurodivergent Employee Resource Group

Each experience of neurodivergence is unique and no one premise or suggestion or experience will be common to all neurodiverse people.

Work hard on communicating clearly and concisely. Avoid starting out instant messages with just general greetings or requests to talk, but include what you’d like to talk about. That will reduce worries and other friction caused by an ND employee having to make assumptions or engage with worry and discomfort.

Work hard to extend trust. Neurodiverse people learn early not to trust others, and that others won’t trust us. Try to bridge that gap and you can earn deep loyalty.

Understand that ND workers are incredibly talented and productive, but productivity can look different with us. Output can be very variable, but that doesn’t mean we’re unreliable.

Understand ND workers may be motivated by different things than neurotypical workers, and strive to learn what it is for each person.

Encourage ND workers to develop their own structure under which to work. Structure can help ND people thrive, but it must be a product of agency or self-determination, not imposed from without.

Invitations – whether social or work meetings – should be explicit and inclusive. Make clear you’re inviting the person, not just saying “We’re headed to the movies!” That doesn’t feel like an invitation to many neurodiverse folk.

Communications styles differ and sometimes, especially but not only in text, wires can get crossed. We should presume positive intent of each other and ask questions rather than escalate.

Just because something wasn’t done doesn’t mean we didn’t care or it’s not a priority. Circumstances can intervene. Again, try to presume good intent and question your own assumptions before engaging about it.

Our experience of being neurodiverse in technology is one of both vulnerability and strength, an ongoing journey of overwhelming fatigue and incredible skill. We’re here because we’re good at what we do, and what we do is critical to keeping people safe. We’re here because we’ve had great support from family, friends, and coworkers, and because we’ve persevered through repeated traumas from them too. You may not know who around you is one of us, but take the time to learn and we can contribute far beyond your expectations.

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]]> 154. Not Your Neurotypical Episode https://www.domaintools.com/resources/podcasts/154-not-your-neurotypical-episode/ Wed, 19 Apr 2023 15:55:48 +0000 https://www.domaintools.com/?p=23323 Coming up this week on Breaking Badness. Not Your Neurotypical Episode and Gold, Guidance, and Grievances. In this episode of Breaking Badness, Ian Campbell and Travis Hall discuss neurodivergence including their personal experiences, myths they’d like to debunk, how it’s beneficial to cybersecurity, and neurodivergent Employee Resource Groups (ERGs). Ian had previously written a blog […]

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]]> Coming up this week on Breaking Badness. Not Your Neurotypical Episode and Gold, Guidance, and Grievances.

In this episode of Breaking Badness, Ian Campbell and Travis Hall discuss neurodivergence including their personal experiences, myths they’d like to debunk, how it’s beneficial to cybersecurity, and neurodivergent Employee Resource Groups (ERGs). Ian had previously written a blog post regarding what the ERG is, who can join, and how to create one for your own organization, and we’re glad he and member Travis Hall could share more on how that group has helped them at DomainTools.

What is Neurodivergence?

Our conversation begins with an overview of what it means to identify as neurodivergent, which is the concept that people perceive and experience the world in different ways. It recognizes there is no single right way to operate and that these differences are not deficits or disabilities. From our perspective, we keep it at the broadest definition of who falls under the neurodiverse umbrella because the more voices in the conversation, the better the outcome will be.

You don’t have to have a diagnosis to be considered neurodiverse. Ian personally believes that if you identify as neurodivergent, then you’re neurodivergent. The whole process is a journey and it’s about learning more about yourself.

Neurodivergent Myths Debunked

There are several myths Ian and Travis would like to debunk in this episode, but one of the biggest ones is the idea that neurodiverse people are less stable or less capable or less trustworthy. There’s the question as to how public those who identify as neurodiverse can be and still be trusted with important information. The RAND corporation came out with a report of neurodiversity in the national security sphere and one of the takeaways was that during one interview, a defense manager said “we specifically established a neurodiverse program because our missions are too important and too difficult to be left to those who only use their brains in typical ways,” which translates to cybersecurity as well.

Neurodiversity in the Workplace

Ian and Travis discuss their careers as neurodiverse individuals and how different managers who understood their potential shaped their working lives. They celebrate managers who recognize the importance of diversity in thought processes and how it’s beneficial to both the employee and the team as a whole to hire those who think differently. Interviewing for elements like social fit or team fit when interviewing aren’t what you should necessarily be hiring for. If you focus on that, you’ll lose out on some really good candidates because you’re focusing too much on first impressions, especially social impressions, which applies to neurotypicals as well as those who are neurodiverse.

We’re seeing more and more organizations begin to embrace these ideas, even at the institutional level. SANS recently held their Neurodiversity in Cybersecurity Summit, and it was not their first one, so it’s exciting to see more of these organizations take interest and provide safe spaces to grow the number of people looking to break into cybersecurity.

Listen to the full episode for more of Travis and Ian’s respective journeys along with their Gold, Guidance, and Grievances.

That’s about all we have for this week, you can find us on Twitter @domaintools, all of the articles mentioned in our podcast will always be included on our podcast recap. Catch us Wednesdays at 9 AM Pacific time when we publish our next podcast and blog.

*A special thanks to John Roderick for our incredible podcast music!

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]]> Surviving RSA as a First Timer: A Cautionary Tale - Kinda https://www.domaintools.com/resources/blog/surviving-rsa-as-a-first-timer-a-cautionary-tale-kinda/ Thu, 13 Apr 2023 16:03:49 +0000 https://www.domaintools.com/?p=23229 So, you’re about to dive headfirst into the shark tank that is RSA? As someone who’s been bitten multiple times (figuratively speaking), I’ve got some (and I mean some because if I added everything, this blog would be longer than a Monday after the Superbowl) tips to help you swim with the big fish and […]

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]]> So, you’re about to dive headfirst into the shark tank that is RSA? As someone who’s been bitten multiple times (figuratively speaking), I’ve got some (and I mean some because if I added everything, this blog would be longer than a Monday after the Superbowl) tips to help you swim with the big fish and come out the other side (mostly) unscathed.

Expect to be overwhelmed – at all times: RSA is a behemoth of an event, with tens of thousands of attendees, booths, and more buzzwords (a word or phrase that’s plastered on every booth, but no one knows precisely what any of them mean) than you can shake a stick at. Expect things to go wrong, because they will. No amount of planning can avoid it. Just remain calm, take a deep breath, wear your big boy/girl pants, and take control of the things you can control.

Rely on your team – They’re there to help you navigate the chaos, provide moral support, and hopefully, make you laugh when you need it most (or at least crack a smile). Just don’t rely on them for directions to the restroom – that’s on you, buddy. But in all seriousness, teamwork makes the dream work, so don’t be afraid to lean on your colleagues when needed. And if all else fails, stop by my booth, where you’ll be greeted with a smile and maybe a hug if you’re into that.

Know who loves you for you vs. who loves you for your stuff – Ah, free stuff – the ultimate conference currency. But let’s face it: sometimes people love you for your stuff more than they love you for you. Attendees will walk around with bags overflowing with swag like they just hit the jackpot at a casino (or a really good clearance sale). And while it’s great to attract attention to your booth with some killer giveaways, it’s important to remember that your true fans are the ones who appreciate your organization for what it is, not just for the free stress ball you gave them. Focus on why you’re there in the first place.

ZzZzZ – Do you know that meme with Tom from Tom and Jerry pinning his eyes open to stay awake? Yeah, you’ll feel a lot like him. You’ll be running on fumes for most of the conference between the long days on the show floor, standing, walking, and talking (sometimes saying the same thing repeatedly as you recite your boilerplate to booth visitors). Make sure you’re taking breaks, staying hydrated, and getting some much-needed shut-eye (and invest in a liquid IV and a personal masseuse). Trust me; you don’t want to be the marketer who looks like they’re auditioning for a role in The Walking Dead.

Look out for the cool kids – You know who they are – the cybersecurity influencers with the big booths, flashy demos, and hair so perfect it looks like angels styled it (this is a personal thing for me…as I’m bald). But don’t be fooled by their Insta-worthy pics and overpriced swag. Stay focused on your objectives, and remember that looks can be deceiving. Even if someone’s booth is the size of a small country, it doesn’t mean they have the latest and greatest in Cybersecurity. Your company is there for a reason – stay honed in on that reason and make the most out of your investment, and who knows, maybe next year, you’ll be the one with the booth that’s the talk of the conference (and the hair that makes me jealous).

RSA Conference is like a buffet. There are many options, and if you’re not careful, you’ll walk away feeling stuffed, bloated, and regretful. But with some focus and strategy, you can leave feeling satisfied, energized, and ready to conquer the world (or at least your competition). That’s why it’s crucial to stay laser-focused on your objectives. Why did your company shell out big bucks for this event? What do you want to achieve? Who do you want to impress? And most importantly, what snacks do you want to steal from the neighboring booths? (Just kidding, kind of.) Whether you’re there to generate leads, connect with other professionals, or showcase your latest products, remember to keep your eyes on the prize. That way, when you leave RSA, you’ll be a few pounds lighter (thanks to all the walking), a few connections richer, and a few steps closer to achieving your goals.

I’m not one to brag (okay, that’s a lie; I wouldn’t be a good marketer if I didn’t), but DomainTools is going all-out for RSA this year. We’ve got a brand-new booth and a fresh new t-shirt design. But that’s not all – we’re raffling off a still-in-box Nintendo64 (because who doesn’t love some old-school gaming?) and Flipper Zeros for the hackers. And if we need more than that, we’re hosting a party, a lunch-and-learn, and even managing a meeting suite (because apparently, we don’t like to sleep). Oh, and did I mention that we’re also planning an international show, a sales kick-off, and another domestic roadshow while we prep for RSA? Some might call me crazy (okay, I definitely am), but I wouldn’t have it any other way.

Make sure to stop by DomainTools booth #6370 North Hall. I look forward to sharing a few laughs or being a shoulder to cry on – if needed. Depending on the day, I might need your shoulder.

See ya at RSA!

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]]> Farsight DNSDB Time-Fenced Queries: the "New World" Code Is Now Faster-Running https://www.domaintools.com/resources/blog/farsight-dnsdb-time-fenced-queries-the-new-world-code-is-now-faster-running/ Thu, 06 Apr 2023 15:59:29 +0000 https://www.domaintools.com/?p=23200 An Improved Farsight DNSDB Experience The Farsight DNSDB Engineering Team is relentlessly “on the hunt” for ways to improve our DNSDB customers’ experience. One area prioritized for attention has been the speed of some DNSDB time-fenced queries. We’re happy to report that the engineering team has developed and deployed an optimization to help speed up […]

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]]> An Improved Farsight DNSDB Experience

The Farsight DNSDB Engineering Team is relentlessly “on the hunt” for ways to improve our DNSDB customers’ experience. One area prioritized for attention has been the speed of some DNSDB time-fenced queries. We’re happy to report that the engineering team has developed and deployed an optimization to help speed up those time-fenced queries.

What’s Time Fencing?

As discussed in past blog articles (such as Farsight’s DNSDB Time Fencing: A Post-Attack “Time Machine) DNSDB can limit its results to just results seen during a particular period of time.

For example, perhaps you’re only interested in results from the last seven days or last thirty days, or you’re only interested in results from a period of time when an incident was taking place. DNSDB has the ability to constrain its results to match those preferences using “time fencing.”

Traditional Query Performance WITHOUT Time Fencing

Historically, most DNSDB queries have run quite quickly. We can use the Un*x time command to measure how long sample commands take to run. Let’s consider two examples.
Example #1A (Without Time Fencing): Let’s see how long it takes to get up to a million results for *.uoregon.edu “A” records:

$ time dnsdbq -r \*.uoregon.edu/A -l0 -j > uoregon.edu.jsonl

real	0m1.542s
user	0m0.335s
sys	0m0.050s

$ wc -l uoregon.edu.jsonl
37560 uoregon.edu.jsonl

Example #2A (Without Time Fencing): Let’s also see how long it takes to get up to a million results for instagram.com “A” records. On March 10th, 2023, even including the time it took to download the million results to a remote broadband-connected Mac laptop, that took only a little over 15 seconds:

$ time dnsdbq -r instagram.com/A -l0 -j > instagram.com.jsonl
Database limit: Result limit reached

real	0m15.382s
user	0m7.906s
sys	0m0.594s

$ wc -l instagram.com.jsonl
1000000 instagram.com.jsonl

Both of those sample queries were fine from a timing point-of-view – they ran quickly.

Traditional Query Performance WITH Prior Time Fencing

But now what if we were to timefence those same queries? Many times, there’d be nothing comment-worthy:
Example #1B (WITH Traditional Time Fencing): Repeating our previous query for *.uoregon.edu “A” records WITH a 30 day timefence, our performance is actually even BETTER than it was un-timefenced:

$ time dnsdbq -r \*.uoregon.edu/A -l0 -j -A30d > uoregon2.edu.jsonl

real	0m1.181s
user	0m0.190s
sys	0m0.039s

$ wc -l uoregon2.edu.jsonl
16903 uoregon2.edu.jsonl

Example #2B (WITH Traditional Time Fencing): Our second example is more problematic when rerun with timefencing added. This time, when we queried DNSDB for instagram.com for “A” records and timefenced our results to just the last 30 days, our query took substantially longer to run – over four minutes instead of just roughly 15 seconds – even though we received far fewer results:

$ time dnsdbq -r instagram.com/A -l0 -j -A30d > instagram2.com.jsonl

real	4m1.517s
user	0m0.099s
sys	0m0.151s

$ wc -l instagram2.com.jsonl
63 instagram2.com.jsonl

Timefencing on the “New World” Servers

That difference in timefenced query performance bothered the engineering team (and we’re sure some users, too!), so we’re happy to report that the engineering team has successfully identified and resolved the associated issue. Rerunning the previous queries using the “New World” timefencing that went live on our production DNSDB servers as of March 24, 2023, we see:
Example #1C (Without Timefencing, on the “New World” server):

$ time dnsdbq -r \*.uoregon.edu/A -l0 -j > uoregon3.edu.jsonl

real	0m1.516s
user	0m0.307s
sys	0m0.053s

$ wc -l uoregon3.edu.jsonl
37561 uoregon3.edu.jsonl

Example #2C (Without Timefencing, on the “New World” server):

$ time dnsdbq -r instagram.com/A -l0 -j > instagram3.com.jsonl
Database limit: Result limit reached

real	0m12.541s
user	0m7.644s
sys	0m0.728s

$ wc -l  instagram3.com.jsonl
1000000 instagram3.com.jsonl

Example #1D (WITH TIMEFENCING, on the “New World” Server):

$ time dnsdbq -r \*.uoregon.edu/A -l0 -j -A30d > uoregon4.edu.jsonl

real	0m2.128s
user	0m0.287s
sys	0m0.055s

$ wc -l uoregon4.edu.jsonl
16904 uoregon4.edu.jsonl

Example #2D (WITH TIMEFENCING, on the “New World” Server):

$ time dnsdbq -r instagram.com/A -l0 -j -A30d > instagram4.com.jsonl

real	0m0.693s
user	0m0.028s
sys	0m0.032s

$ wc -l instagram4.com.jsonl
63 instagram4.com.jsonl

Bottom line, on the “New World” server running the improved time fencing code, all the queries completed in just seconds, with or without timefencing! That makes us happy, and we think it will make you and other DNSDB users happy, too.

FAQ

Q0. What’s the “secret” behind this big performance improvement?

A. The actual meat of the change happened in our open source software stack (dnstable and dnstable-convert), so the changes aren’t really “secret.” The short form summary is:

DNSDB stores data in multiple chunks, roughly split by time. We recently extended the storage format to include aggregate time ranges for data within each chunk and, when processing time fenced queries, we use these time ranges to search only those chunks which may contain data matching the query’s time filters. The results of this focused search are then “filled in” with data from the full DNSDB data set to provide accurate time ranges and counts, and returned to the user after a final filtering.
The above method works for strict mode time fencing, where it particularly shines for domains with “combinatorial” A records (‘pick <n> IPs from a larger network range of <m> IPs for each “A” record returned’).

Q1. Do I need to change anything on my end? For example, do I need to use a new API key or change the name of the server I’m using?

A. No changes are needed on your side if you use DNSDB API (e.g., dnsdbq, DNSDB Scout, one of our DNSDB integrations, etc.) The “New World” server code is the new default, and your old API key will continue to work fine.

Q2. When will the “New World” code be available for DNSDB Export customers?

A. The code is public on GitHub and can be found https://github.com/farsightsec/dnstable and https://github.com/farsightsec/mtbl – the latest versions of both are required for the time filtering speedups. Packages will be available soon for Export users and we will provide an update once available.

Q3. Will the “New World’ server code ALWAYS return the same result counts as the code that was running on the previous server?

A. In general, yes, however note that new data is continually flowing into DNSDB from sensors, so newer results may be slightly larger than older results in some cases, as can be seen in this summary table for the example results shown above:

Query	Time Fenced?	Code Version	Run Time	Result Count
*.uoregon.edu/A	N	Previous Code	0m1.542s	37,560
*.uoregon.edu/A	N	“New World” Code	0m1.542s	37,561
*.uoregon.edu/A	Y	Previous Code	0m1.181s	16,903
*.uoregon.edu/A	Y	“New World” Code	0m2.128s	16,904

instagram.com/A	N	Previous Code	0m15.382s	1,000,000
instagram.com/A	N	“New World” Code	0m12.541s	1,000,000
instagram.com/A	Y	Previous Code	4m1.517s	63
instagram.com/A	Y	“New World” Code	0m0.693s	63

Q4. Will the “New World” server code ALWAYS run strictly faster than the previous code?

A. The “New World” code will normally be faster and have less variation in terms of extreme run times than the previous code, although caching and other day-to-day workload differences (including contention along the network path) may occasionally make the “New World” code run an insignificant amount slower. For example, compare the timefenced query times for *.uoregon.edu/A at 1.181 seconds (for the traditional code) vs 2.128 seconds (for the “New World” code) in the above table.

Q5. Is the old server code still running somewhere for comparison purposes? I’d like to do my own testing!

A. We’re not currently planning on doing so. The servers that handle DNSDB API queries are quite beefy, so dedicating one to running deprecated code wouldn’t be a prudent use of resources.

Q6. Were changes made to DNSDB Standard Search AND to DNSDB Flexible Search, or just DNSDB Standard Search?

A. We are only changing standard search. Flexible search already optimizes most time fenced searches.

Q7. I’ve run into an issue, or I’ve got other questions you haven’t answered!

A. Please drop us a note. We’d be glad to address your concern or question!

The post Farsight DNSDB Time-Fenced Queries: the "New World" Code Is Now Faster-Running appeared first on DomainTools | Start Here. Know Now..

]]> Introducing the New Iris Investigate https://www.domaintools.com/resources/blog/introducing-the-new-iris-investigate/ Wed, 05 Apr 2023 18:24:03 +0000 https://www.domaintools.com/?p=23123 Today DomainTools is excited to release a new version of Iris Investigate, our flagship infrastructure investigation product. We are introducing new ways for you to identify malicious behavior and manage investigations of domains. We also streamlined the user interface, so it’s easier to use while also providing flexibility so you can prioritize the data that […]

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]]> Today DomainTools is excited to release a new version of Iris Investigate, our flagship infrastructure investigation product. We are introducing new ways for you to identify malicious behavior and manage investigations of domains. We also streamlined the user interface, so it’s easier to use while also providing flexibility so you can prioritize the data that matters most to you.

A New Look and Feel

The first thing you’ll notice when logging into the new Iris Investigate is a modernized look and feel. Based on customer feedback, we also updated how data is organized in the application. The various data panels will still look familiar, but there are some helpful changes that will make them even easier to work with.

There are two important ways you can customize the panels to help you see what matters most to you. First, you can change the order of panels by simply dragging and dropping the panels that are most important to be closest to the Pivot Engine. Second, you can change the width of each panel – either small, medium or large. This helps you prioritize which panels get the most screen real estate. If you have a wide monitor, you can have quite a few panels stretching from left to right.

New Features to Find Badness

We added new data capabilities to help users find and manage malicious domains.

First, we improved the gathering and accuracy of our web content data. We are now capturing and indexing two new fields:

Website Title: The HTML title is now displayed in Pivot Engine and guided pivots can help you find other domains with the same title. The Website Title can also be searched via Advance Search so you can find domains with pages that reference brands or terms you care about.

Server Type: The server type seen when gathering a screenshot is saved and indexed. This too can have guided pivots and can be queried in Advanced Search. The Server Type can be a good data connector to help you identify hosting patterns in campaigns you might be monitoring.

Also—you can trigger web content updates by queueing a domain for a new screenshot!

We’ve also added a new data attribute, Lifecycle First Seen – shortened to just First Seen in Pivot Engine. This is the date and time when DomainTools identifies a domain as newly active. Prior to this update, the Whois Create Date was the way to identify the age of a domain. However, many TLDs do not provide Whois records, making it difficult to quickly judge the age of all domains. Now you can easily see the age of domains from all TLDs.

We made it easier to identify newly active domains within the context of larger searches you might be running: a new Advanced Search operator lets you search for domains with a First Seen within a specific time – for instance within the last day. This greatly speeds the process of zeroing in on just newly active domains that match the search and ignoring the older ones. The operator can also be used with the Whois Create Date to provide more flexibility on searching that attribute.

These new fields have been added to the Iris Investigate and Enrich APIs. The First Seen can be especially useful as a query parameter with the Iris Investigate API. Often, the Investigate API is used in “search mode” where multiple attributes are provided instead of just a single domain, similar to saved searches in the Investigate Web UI. The First Seen can be queried for a specific date time (UTC format) so an integration can effectively ask for newly active domains since the last query was made. This effectively creates a new monitoring functionality within the Iris Investigate API.

IP Inspect displays enrichment data for an IP address in a pop-up window from almost anywhere an IP address appears across Iris Investigate. You can see details for an IP – the location, ASN, Whois data, DNS PTR and more – without clicking across tabs or losing your place in the application.

Visualize Better Threat Intel

The Visualization module has also been significantly modernized. Interacting with data is easier, faster, and more vibrant. A new “Node Inspector” helps you see the specific values displayed in the visualization and locate specific points of interest. You can also filter the visible nodes by the number of connections, which can be particularly useful when working with large data sets. You can filter out domains with a small number of connections as those might not be part of a larger pattern you are tracking. You can also filter out domains with large numbers of connections. This can be useful if you are trying to focus on domains that use dedicated infrastructure and you don’t want to see connections to hosted infrastructure used by a large number of domains.

Summing Up

The new Iris Investigate is more than an aesthetic upgrade. We hope you’ll agree that the new fields and updated user experience makes your investigations faster, more effective, and more enjoyable. Please drop us a line at product@domaintools.com and let us know what you think! And if you don’t have access to Iris Investigate but are interested, please contact us.

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]]> 153. It’s Pillar Time! https://www.domaintools.com/resources/podcasts/153-its-pillar-time/ Wed, 05 Apr 2023 15:40:11 +0000 https://www.domaintools.com/?p=23142 Coming up this week on Breaking Badness. It’s Pillar Time! and Gold, Guidance, and Grievances. Here are a few highlights from each article we discussed: It’s Pillar Time! That’s about all we have for this week, you can find us on Twitter @domaintools, all of the articles mentioned in our podcast will always be included […]

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]]> Coming up this week on Breaking Badness. It’s Pillar Time! and Gold, Guidance, and Grievances.

Here are a few highlights from each article we discussed:

It’s Pillar Time!

In March 2023, the Biden-Harris Administration released the National Cybersecurity Strategy. The purpose of this strategy is to make shifts in how the United States allocates roles, responsibilities, and resources in cyberspace to protect our national interests
This strategy builds on the work of existing policy and previous administrations
- Probably the highest profile part of this is the establishment of our favorite agency to debate the pronunciation of: CISA, formed in 2019
- But we can go back farther to 2007, when the National Protection and Programs Directorate was formed (under DHS). There’s been a gradual increase in focus, and evolution of efforts, around cybersecurity at the Fed level
There are 5 pillars detailed in this strategy, the first being “Defend Critical Infrastructure,” discussing “the expanding the use of minimum cybersecurity requirements in critical sectors,” but what are the minimum requirements as they stand today?
- Well, what might surprise a lot of folks, though maybe not Breaking Badness listeners, is that there hasn’t been much in the way of hard requirements that carry the force of law
- What there have been are guidelines
- So one of the items that we could have mentioned with the previous question but deliberately held back was the NIST Cybersecurity Framework
- The first version of that was released in 2014, and it was aimed at critical infrastructure operators. But those are guidelines, not laws
- What’s shifting here is that by moving toward putting some legal teeth into this, the government is saying, quite explicitly, that the nudging/encouraging approach, which is to say making everything voluntary, has not worked, or not worked well enough
- We think that’s pretty significant, and we’ve seen this administration ramping up toward that with, for example, the earlier EO that put down some hard guidelines when it comes to Federal procurement of software. To be clear, that is different from putting laws in place mandating specific levels of compliance, but it was a foreshadowing in some ways
The second pillar seeks to disrupt and dismantle threat actors using all instruments of national power
- What is coming out of this is an idea of “Defend Forward”
  - The government has a policy of hacking hacking groups
  - Government entities will have construction to attract various threat actors and we’re not going to wait and react, we’re going to go after the cybercriminals themselves
- The subsection of this tries to prevent US infrastructure used in attacks
  - The idea is you can’t just accept bitcoin to accept a server – you have to trace it back to a person in the US
  - It’s called out very explicitly – you have to be able to do a certain amount of know-your-customer
- The second pillar also mentions that they would engage the private sector in disruption activities through scalable mechanisms. Private sector partners are encouraged to organize their efforts through nonprofit organizations
  - There’s a bunch of organizations with the acronym ISAC – the idea is work with these existing groups
  - We’ll be interested if this does speed sharing because it could speed responses as well
This strategy specifically calls out ransomware as a threat to national security, public safety, and economic prosperity, and we can agree that it is, but is it the biggest threat?
- We continually see articles arguing that it is, or other elements like Business Email Compromise are taking its place as the leader – should this strategy be addressing the other less-flashy threats?
  - This is really interesting to contemplate, because on the one hand these ideas seem to be in opposition – BEC creates more financial losses, but ransomware is the national security problem—wouldn’t BEC be the biggest threat from a NatSec perspective?
  - But weI think there’s a way in which they actually aren’t so much in opposition, and to us a lot of that has to do with the questions around policy on paying ransoms, which is part of a bigger question that’s similar to the question of whether to negotiate with terrorists
  - We know that there’s a strong geopolitical component to ransomware, so when we develop policy around it, we’re ipso facto generating policy around interacting with other state actors
Pillar 3 discusses shaping market forces to drive security and resilience by holding the stewards of our data accountable. What does this mean for organizations working with customer data? Will we see shifts in company privacy policies as a result of this?
- The short answer is, yes. Next question (jk!)
- This is some of the most interesting stuff in this document
  - We’ve seen trends starting with GDPR
  - The real push for close governance of data and the privacy of individuals online
  - California led the way with CCPA – very similar to GDPR and it’s likely we’ll see more laws similar to that, but in conjunction with Pillar 3.3 – shifting to the entities that are introducing vulnerabilities. It puts liabilities on vendors instead of ducking out in the terms and conditions that we all ready very closely
  - The public is not going to put up with their privacy being compromised and being sold indefinitely
    - It’s perfectly fine legally (not morally) for your data to be sold by these data brokers
  - We will start to see some legal teeth to get vendors to take accountability for peoples’ data
  - Another example in there has less to do with folks’ data, but making IoT devices more secure, which is pretty exciting
Pillar 3 talks about shifting liability for insecure software onto the vendors of that software. What does that mean for software companies? Is this something they can just write into another clause of their insurance policy?
- The IoT part was a whole separate callout
- They’re saying to vendors of software: this has got to change
- And just to note, these are just wish lists – Congress needs to approve
- This one and the privacy one might not make it – we’ll be curious to hear about it
- Jen Easterly of CISA has spoken about it – and the analogy she used is that if you rub the fender enough that it explodes, you would expect the manufacturer to be liable – and that’s kind of what happens with software
  - That doesn’t quite work for software because we don’t build software out of random parts
  - Log4J is a volunteer effort written for fun that turned into this giant thing
  - This can have a huge impact
  - This section even mentions that an insurer of last resort should be set up
Moving on to Pillar 4, which is to invest in a resilient future. This pillar mentions prioritizing cybersecurity research and development – what sort of research do you think is the most critical right now in our space?
- This is hard because people want to do neat stuff, but the federal government is fairly small compared to the private sector, so neat research might not be a good use of their time
- A few years ago there was the Cyber Grant Challenge to automate Red Teaming – you have to build something that can attack this chain of computers – they all failed, but now there are companies selling this product
  - But that’s crazy stuff that would be interesting to see the government doing more of
We’ve spoken before about careers in cybersecurity – we ask our guests about their career paths and we’ve written a blog post about the road to InfoSec and how we need more good people. Pillar 4 addresses this issue as well.
- We think the concepts laid out are great—We agree with the “what.” We think the “how” is still a bit murky
- The closest they come to answer that is probably where it says that it will build on National Initiative fro Cybersec Educaation, CyberCorps, Scholarships for Service, National Centers for Academic Excellence in Cybersecurity, the Cybersecurity Education Training and Assistance Program, and the registered apprenticeships program
- It will also build on NSF workforce development. Another of the “what” items without a ton of detail about the “how,” but which we agree with extensively, is the LGBTQI+
Pillar 5 focuses on international partnerships to pursue shared goals. How will the United States be able to hold irresponsible states accountable when they fail to uphold their commitments to a stable cyberspace?
- Some of this is happening already with efforts to seize various ransomware groups
- Frankly, this boils down to diplomacy – how to we hold a country responsible if they look the other way if they’re poisoning our food or hijacking our ships
- Basically what this is saying is “what happens in cyberspace doesn’t stay in cyberspace anymore.”
- We’re going to look at this like a law and we’re going to start applying the law to any other international law
Are there any constructive criticisms or reflections toward this Strategy?
- Overall, it’s an interesting grab bag
- There are some really good ideas, but the overall tone is “we tried it your way and it didn’t work” and that’s a new tone to be taking
- The proof will be in the pudding – how much will actually make it to legislation?
- The debate will be interesting to see and even just having that will be valuable
- We want to see more about the “how”
  - Some of this will come down to where budget is allocated and how it will be used for enforcement mechanisms and incentives
- We’re unsure how to evaluate the impact this will have until we have more specifics

*A special thanks to John Roderick for our incredible podcast music!

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]]> Eureka: Why DNS is Forensic Gold https://www.domaintools.com/resources/webinars/eureka-why-dns-is-forensic-gold/ Tue, 04 Apr 2023 21:09:19 +0000 https://www.domaintools.com/?p=23163 Techniques to find malicious activity based on analysis of DNS resolver logs As one of the fundamental protocols of the Internet, DNS is involved in nearly every traffic flow into or out of an enterprise environment. Despite its ubiquity, however, DNS is not always recognized for the forensic potential it holds. By capturing and analyzing […]

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]]>

Techniques to find malicious activity based on analysis of DNS resolver logs

As one of the fundamental protocols of the Internet, DNS is involved in nearly every traffic flow into or out of an enterprise environment. Despite its ubiquity, however, DNS is not always recognized for the forensic potential it holds. By capturing and analyzing DNS requests and replies from the local network, security teams can then enrich those events with external, threat-oriented DNS data to help with triage and risk assessment.

But the possibilities extend well beyond simply assessing the risk of individual traffic flows. Since hostile domains are almost always part of a larger campaign, any DNS activity related to one domain can represent the leading edge of a process that can lead to insights into, and protection from, these larger campaigns. Consider:

A connection from the protected environment to a hostile or suspicious domain can be decorated with DNS, Whois, risk scoring, and other enriching data
Within those datapoints, connections can be found to other domains or IP addresses
Analysis of the connected infrastructure can guide analysts toward enumeration of hostile campaign assets

Armed with this information, threat hunters, incident responders, and other SOC personnel can take specific responsive or proactive actions, including:

Reviewing logs and events for additional connections from the protected environment to the larger set of adversary assets, which could have escaped earlier notice
Devising detection or blocking rules to protect against the larger campaign
Developing insights into adversary tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs)
Monitoring further moves by the adversary based on known infrastructure patterns

None of these actions would be possible without a) awareness of domains requested by trusted hosts; and b) enrichment of those domains with DNS, Whois, and other such data.

In this live presentation, host Tim Helming will illustrate methods for identifying key sources of DNS data, and for enriching those logs or events with DomainTools APIs, UI-based tools, and third-party integrations, using recently-active threat infrastructure for demonstration.

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]]> The AXA User Guide https://www.domaintools.com/resources/user-guides/the-axa-user-guide/ Tue, 04 Apr 2023 20:32:14 +0000 https://www.domaintools.com/?p=22044 Farsight Security’s (now a part of DomainTools) Advanced Exchange Access (AXA) is a suite of tools and library code that brings the Security Information Exchange (SIE) directly to the end-user’s network. SIE is a scalable and adaptable real-time data streaming and information sharing platform. SIE collects and provides access to more than 200,000 observations per-second […]

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]]> Farsight Security’s (now a part of DomainTools) Advanced Exchange Access (AXA) is a suite of tools and library code that brings the Security Information Exchange (SIE) directly to the end-user’s network.

SIE is a scalable and adaptable real-time data streaming and information sharing platform. SIE collects and provides access to more than 200,000 observations per-second of raw data from its global sensor network. Farsight also applies unique and proprietary methods for improving usability of the data, directly sharing the refined intelligence with SIE customers and DNSDB®, one of the world’s largest passive DNS (pDNS) databases.

The diverse set of data available from SIE includes the following and is relevant and useful for practitioners in various technology roles:

Raw and processed passive DNS data
Darknet/darkspace telescope data
SPAM sources and URLs
Phishing URLs and associated targeted brands
Connection attempts from malware-infected systems (as seen by a sinkhole)
Network traffic blocked by Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and firewall devices

Each unique set of data in SIE is known as a channel and the data acquired from a specific channel can be customized to meet the needs of each customer, enabling you to subscribe to and access only the channels needed to solve your problem. A channel in SIE may be the result of raw data analysis, or a subset of data from other channels.

The data available from SIE channel subscription packages includes:

Raw Passive DNS: Real-time observations of DNS cache-miss traffic sent from DNS recursive resolvers on the Internet to authoritative name servers. The DNS information includes authoritative DNS data that various zone operators make available and responses from authoritative name servers to recursive resolver queries
Value-Added Passive DNS: Real-time de-duplicated, filtered, and verified passive DNS (pDNS) data observed on the Internet
Newly Observed Domains (NOD) and Newly Observed Hostnames (NOH): Real-time actionable insights for domains and hostnames, fully qualified domain names (FQDNs), when they are first successfully resolved on the Internet
Base Channels: A collection of threat intelligence channels that provide access to honeypot data (darknet and spam) and botnet (e.g., Conficker) sinkhole data. The data also includes threat intelligence for phishing campaigns and log data for network traffic blocked by Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and firewall devices
Premium Channels: A range of premium security-related feeds including malware metadata, IOCs and other telemetry. Subscribers consume the intelligence as real-time event flows rather than traditional batch transfers – which are inherently delayed

The SIE Channel Guide provides an overview of the channels available from SIE.

Advanced Exchange Access Toolkit

The Advanced Exchange Access (AXA) toolkit contains tools and a C library to bring Farsight’s real-time data and services directly from the Farsight Security Information Exchange (SIE) to the subscriber’s network edge.

AXA enables subscribers to connect to Farsight’s subscription-based SRA (SIE Remote Access) servers. These servers provide access to data and services built from Farsight’s SIE.

Contents of the Advanced Exchange Access Toolkit

Farsight freely provides several end-user tools to stream AXA data in the Advanced Exchange Access Toolkit. This distribution contains the following:

sratool: A command-line tool used to connect to an SRA server, set watches, enable SIE channels, and stream data.
sratunnel: A command-line tool that streams SIE data to the local network.
libaxa: A C library providing an API for the AXA protocol including:
- connection instantiation/teardown
- message encapsulation/decapsulation
- watch parsing/loading
- control packet rate limits, sampling rates, window sizes, and many other AXA-specific functions

Many of the features and options we’ll be discussing are the same amongst all of the tools and examples will be given where appropriate.

Farsight SIE Remote Access

SIE Remote Access (SRA) is Farsight’s software solution to make SIE content available to remote users. SRA enables SIE channel traffic to be delivered through a TCP stream across the Internet. In order to reduce bandwidth, SRA provides subscribers with the ability to invoke a server-side filtering capability across a set of channels, selecting only that subset of records that match specific domain name / IP address search criteria.

The Advanced Exchange Access suite of tools and library code is the software that implements Farsight’s SRA service.

The AXA suite consists of two Unix command line tools and one C library developers can use to build custom SRA applications.

sratool

sratool is the AXA Swiss Army Knife. It is a versatile tool used to test, debug, or stream AXA connections. It connects to an SRA server, sends protocol messages and displays the responses. It can also tunnel SIE data like sratunnel does.

sratunnel

sratunnel transfers selected SIE data from the remote server to the local network. The connection to the server is created and restored, with binary exponential delays between retries.

sratunnel is the workhorse of the AXA family. It is used to transfer SIE data from the remote server to the local network. It is what Farsight uses for production deployment of SIE data to the customer. sratunnel can be thought of as a fast, efficient, and smart conduit for SIE data. Data goes in one end and sratunnel can emit the data into different output formats, including:

NMSGs to a UDP port
NMSGs to a TCP port
NMSGs to a file
pcap to a file
pcap to a network interface

libaxa

libaxa is the C programming library that exposes the AXA API to the application programmer.

The AXA Protocol

The AXA protocol is documented in the section titled AXA Protocol in the README file found on the GitHub repository for the Farsight Advanced Exchange Access Toolkit.

AXA Limits

Some of the channels offered by the SIE network burst to an extremely high bitrate. AXA has two ways to deal with such network-hungry situations: optional filtering and loss-tolerance built into the protocol.

Filtering can take one of the following forms:

Via the rate limit option to reduce the flow of ingress data to a certain number of packets per second.
Via one or more IP-based or DNS-based “watches” to limit the flow of data to specific assets the subscriber wishes to observe.

Finally, AXA is a deliberately lossy protocol. If a subscriber requests more data than the network can carry, data overruns will occur. When this happens, loss markers are transmitted reliably within the AXA stream to inform the subscriber via the AXA accounting subsystem (see below). At this point, the subscriber’s possible mitigation strategies include:

ask for less data via rate limiting
increase network capacity and/or other host resources
treat the SRA stream as a chunky and non-representative sample of the total SIE data
pursue Direct Access to SIE

AXA Watches

In the AXA world, the way an end-user registers interest in an asset is through what’s known as a watch. These are fundamental building blocks of AXA sessions. In order to get anything done, an end-user must specify one or more watches to inform the AXA server what she is interested in seeing.

There are four different types of AXA watches, each is described below:

IP Watches: used to express interest in SIE messages containing a specified IP address or CIDR block. AXA supports both IPv4 and IPv6 address types.
DNS Watches: used to express interest in SIE messages containing a specified hostname, domain, or wildcard hostname.
Channel Watches: used to express interest in all SIE messages from a given channel. This is useful to enable “the firehose” for a given channel and ask SRA to send everything from the specified channel rather than matching IP address information or DNS names. Only valid for SRA connections.
Error watches: used to express interest in SIE messages that cannot be decoded by the server. Only valid for SRA connections and intended only for debugging.

Watches are referenced by tags. A tag is simply an arbitrary 16-bit integer label used to keep track of individual watches.

When connected to an SRA server, tags must be unique. Each watch will use a different tag.

Depending on the tool, tagging may be done explicitly by the end-user or implicitly, by the tool. Examples follow.

AXA Watch Examples: SRA

The following examples show how to watch for SIE messages on channel 204 containing the IP address 10.0.0.1, that are in the CIDR block 192.168.0/24, or that are in the *.farsightsecurity.com domain.

sratool

The end-user specifies a unique tag per watch:

$ sratool
sra> connect ...
sra> 1 watch ip=10.0.0.1
1 OK WATCH started
sra> 2 watch ip=192.168.0/24
2 OK WATCH started
sra> 3 watch dns=*.farsightsecurity.com
3 OK WATCH started
sra> channel 211 on
* OK CHANNEL ON/OFF channel ch211 on
...

sratunnel

With sratunnel, tags are generated internally so the end-user only needs to specify the -w option and the assets above:

$ sratunnel -w ip=10.0.0.1 -w ip=192.168.0/24 -w dns=*.farsightsecurity.com -s ... -o ... -c 211

SRA and AXA RESTful Interface

The Farsight Security Advanced Exchange Access (AXA) RESTful Interface adds a streaming HTTP interface on top of the AXA toolkit to enable developers of web-based applications to interface with Farsight Security’s SIE Remote Access (SRA) servers.

The SRA module facilitates the real time streaming of data from the Security Information Exchange (SIE) over HTTP using a RESTful API.

Access is controlled via an API key that is passed as the X-API-Key HTTP header.

The Farsight Security AXA RESTful Interface does not have any specific operating system requirements as it is delivered over a RESTful API. Farsight Security provides a convenience command line interface (CLI) tool that doubles as a Python extension module which is compatible with various modern operating systems. AXA REST requires HTTPS permitted outbound to axa-sie.domaintools.com. Subscribers must have purchased a service entitlement from Farsight Security and have been provisioned an API key.

SRA Internals

The SRA module facilitates the real time streaming of data from the SIE over HTTP using a RESTful API.

Channels

SRA requires the user to specify one or more SIE channels to stream. These are specified as an integer, for example `255`.

Watches

SRA requires the user to specify one or more IP watches and/or one or more DNS watches. These tell the server what to filter and send to the client. These are specified as ip=<address>{/CIDR} or dns=example.com, or dns=*.example.com.

Example: -w ip=192.253.0.0/16 -w dns=*.example.com

SRA Tutorial: Watch Newly Observed Domains

This tutorial assumes you’ve signed up to receive Farsight’s Newly Observed Domains (NOD) data feed to watch newly active domains and ensure your users don’t visit any newly minted – often malicious – domains. It shows you how to examine the Newly Observed Domains (NOD) feed in real time.

$ sratool
sra> conn ....
* HELLO srad v3.0.1 stage-sie-axa-1 supporting AXA protocols v1 to v2; currently using v1
* Using AXA protocol 2
* OK USER FSI-0410-10112 authorized

Invoke sratool, and use the connect command to establish a connection to the SRA server. The connection is managed via SSH, meaning all of the benefits conferred by the SSH protocol are available to sratool. Upon success, the client emits the hello string from the AXA_P_OP_HELLO message which was sent by the server and contains the server’s software version, name, and AXA protocol version.

sra> 1 watch ch=212
1 OK WATCH started

Inform the server we want to watch SIE channel 212 traffic (this is the NOD channel). The server responds with the current watch status. The watch is the most fundamental sratool command. This is how sratool “signs up” to receive data from the SRA server. As its name implies, watch sets up a watch which is a low-level primitive that tells the SRA server that the client is interested in nmsg messages or IP packets that meet one of the following criteria:

is to, from, or contains the specified address
contains the specified domain name
arrived on the specified SIE channel
are SIE messages that could not be decoded

A watch is given a tag that is an integer label used to refer to the watch. An SRA server connection or session can have zero or more watches at a time and the user can add or delete watches as needed. Note that sratool allows only a single SRA connection at a time.

sra> count 5

Using the count command, we inform sratool we only want to see 5 packets. After this number is met, sratool will stop emitting packets to the screen (though traffic may still be flowing from server to client).

sra> channel 212 on
* OK CHANNEL ON/OFF channel ch212 on

With the channel command, enable channel 212 (NOD). The current channel status is printed. Another fundamental command to sratool is channel. Issued alone on the command-line, it will emit the entire list of available SIE channels for which the user is provisioned.

1 ch212  {"time":"2023-02-01 19:10:02.575703046","vname":"SIE","mname":"newdomain","source":"a1ba02cf","message":{"domain":"meurepetidor.ws.","time_seen":"2023-02-01 19:09:36","bailiwick":"ws.","rrname":"meurepetidor.ws.","rrclass":"IN","rrtype":"MX","rdata":["1 mail.hope-mail.com."],"keys":[],"new_rr":[]}}
1 ch212  {"time":"2023-02-01 19:10:03.920603701","vname":"SIE","mname":"newdomain","source":"a1ba02cf","message":{"domain":"aqrin.me.","time_seen":"2023-02-01 19:09:04","bailiwick":"me.","rrname":"aqrin.me.","rrclass":"IN","rrtype":"NS","rdata":["carlos.ns.cloudflare.com.","davina.ns.cloudflare.com."],"keys":[],"new_rr":[]}}
1 ch212  {"time":"2023-02-01 19:10:07.132796370","vname":"SIE","mname":"newdomain","source":"a1ba02cf","message":{"domain":"speedpaw.com.","time_seen":"2023-02-01 19:08:58","bailiwick":"com.","rrname":"speedpaw.com.","rrclass":"IN","rrtype":"NS","rdata":["liz.ns.cloudflare.com.","marty.ns.cloudflare.com."],"keys":[],"new_rr":[]}}
1 ch212  {"time":"2023-02-01 19:10:09.254487282","vname":"SIE","mname":"newdomain","source":"a1ba02cf","message":{"domain":"jacquelinepongmarketing.com.","time_seen":"2023-02-01 19:09:21","bailiwick":"com.","rrname":"jacquelinepongmarketing.com.","rrclass":"IN","rrtype":"NS","rdata":["ns1.bluehost.com.","ns2.bluehost.com."],"keys":[],"new_rr":[]}}
1 ch212  {"time":"2023-02-01 19:10:09.325774830","vname":"SIE","mname":"newdomain","source":"a1ba02cf","message":{"domain":"aashraymakkar.com.","time_seen":"2023-02-01 19:09:24","bailiwick":"com.","rrname":"aashraymakkar.com.","rrclass":"IN","rrtype":"NS","rdata":["ns2.wixdns.net.","ns3.wixdns.net."],"keys":[],"new_rr":[]}}

packet count limit exceeded

sratool emits 5 NOD packets as it receives then from the server. Once the packet count limit is reached, emission stops.

sra> count
    packet printing stopped by count 97 packets ago

Issuing the count command with no arguments prints the current count status. In this case, we find 1990 NOD packets have been streamed to the client, but since we exceeded our limit, they were not emitted to the screen.

SRA Tutorial 2: Counts And Limits

Continuing in the session above, let’s tweak a few knobs and press a few buttons.

> list watches
  1 ch=ch212

The list watches command prints all of the active watches. We’ve still got one going, we’re just not emitting any packets to the screen.

> 1 delete
  1 OK STOP watch deleted

We delete the watch by referencing its tag with the delete command.

> rate
  RATE LIMITS
  unlimited per second; current value=307
  10 seconds between reports

Another handy command, rate allows us to query the rate limiter and control it. Currently, there is no rate limiting in play – packets will be emitted as quickly as they appear. For lower bandwidth channels, like NOD, this is might not be a problem. For the DNSDB channels, which are much higher bandwidth, we’ll want to limit the

rate at which those packets are sent by the server to sratool.

> rate 1
  RATE LIMITS
  1 per second; current value=2
  10 seconds between reports

Using the rate command, we set a rate limit of 1 packet per second. This will come in handy in the last part of the tutorial where we’ll examine DNSDB.

sratunnel Tutorial: Newly Observed Domains

Now that you know how to use the Newly Observed Domains (NOD) datafeed to watch newly active domains and ensure your users don’t visit any newly minted – often malicious – domains, we are going to show you how to to tunnel the data to your local network for bulk analysis.

To consume the data in this tutorial, you’ll need another Farsight’s nmsgtool utility. It is a deeply useful all-purpose tool for working with NMSGs (network messages). NMSG is the format Farsight uses to type, structure and package arbirtary data for transit. Much of Farsight’s data is packaged and delivered as NMSG. A detailed discussion of the NMSG suite will be covered in future blog series. For now it’s just important to understand that you can work with NMSGs using nmsgtool.

This tutorial will show you how to plumb the Newly Observed Domains (NOD) feed from SIE to your local network, in real time. Commands and their output are listed with discussion below.

$ sratunnel -s apikey:APIKEY@axa-sie.domaintools.com,PORT

Invoke sratunnel. The -s option instructs the tool where and how to connect. The option string should look familiar, it’s the same one used with sratool with the same intent and results. Securely connect via SSH as sra-service to axa-sie.domaintools.com.

> -c 212

The -c option sets the channel to stream. We want NOD, which is channel 212.

> -w ch=212

The -w option sets the watch : in this case, everything on channel 212.

> -o nmsg:udp:127.0.0.1,8430

Finally, we specify -o, which tells sratunnel where to put the data it streams. In the case above, we’ve set NMSGs to localhost on port 8430 and that’s where we’ll find our output. Data is now flowing. Let’s have a look…

$ nmsgtool -l 127.0.0.1/8430

We use nmsgtool to connect to the loopback address on port 8430.

> -c 20000

The -c option specifies a maximum count of payloads to capture.

> -o channel-212.txt

The -o option tells nmsgtool to write presentation output to a file.

$ head -8 channel-212.txt

Let’s examine one entry.

[98] [2014-12-16 23:31:06.438992023] [2:5 SIE newdomain] [a1ba02cf] [] []

Each NMSG datagram contains a fixed-length header containing the message size, a UTC timestamp, the message type, a 32-bit source identifier and optional SIE operator and group codes (both empty in this case).

domain: befrenshee.com.

The fresh new domain, hot off the press!

time_seen: 2014-12-16 23:28:19

How fresh? At the time of this writing, that timestamp of when the domain was observed was just over two minutes old.

rrname: befrenshee.com.
rrclass: IN (1)
rrtype: NS (2)
rdata: ns67.domaincontrol.com.
rdata: ns68.domaincontrol.com.

The DNS meta-data associated with the domain.

$ grep ^domain: channel-212.txt | awk '{print $2}' > NOD.txt

Manipulate the data however you see fit.

sratunnel Tutorial: Create a persistent connection to SIE

An example using sratunnel as a background process to stream nmsg messages from SIE Channel 255 (SIE Heartbeat Channel) to the loopback interface on port 8000.

Invoke sratunnel with the following arguments.

$ sratunnel -s 'ssh:sra-service@axa-sie.domaintools.com' -c 255
    -w ch=255 -o nmsg:udp:127.0.0.1,8000 &

Use tcpdump to confirm messages are being streamed.

$ sudo tcpdump -i lo -c 5 -nn port 8000
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on lo, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes
11:18:41.204425 IP 127.0.0.1.36707 > 127.0.0.1.8000: UDP, length 941
11:18:58.672776 IP 127.0.0.1.36707 > 127.0.0.1.8000: UDP, length 941
11:19:16.312962 IP 127.0.0.1.36707 > 127.0.0.1.8000: UDP, length 941
11:19:33.833821 IP 127.0.0.1.36707 > 127.0.0.1.8000: UDP, length 941
11:19:51.277784 IP 127.0.0.1.36707 > 127.0.0.1.8000: UDP, length 941
5 packets captured
10 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel

Bring the background process to the foreground.

$ fg

Kill the sratunnel process by pressing Control-C.

Process messages with nsmgtool

The nmsgtool program is a single tool for taking inputs from a variety of different inputs like data streams from the network, capturing data from network interfaces, reading data from files or even standard input and making NMSG payloads available to one or more outputs.

Viewing a stream of nmsg’s from sratunnel with nmsgtool

An example using sratunnel as a background process to stream nmsg messages from SIE Channel 255 (SIE Heartbeat Channel) to the loopback interface on port 8000; using nmsgtool to connect to the loopback interface and print the nmsg to the terminal in presentation format.

Invoke sratunnel with the following arguments:

$ sratunnel -s 'ssh:sra-service@axa-sie.domaintools.com' -c 255 -w ch=255 -o nmsg:udp:127.0.0.1,8000 &

Invoke nmsgtool to connect to the loopback interface on port 8000, process three payloads and print the output to the terminal using the presentation format.

$ nmsgtool -l 127.0.0.1/8000 -c 3 -o -
[23] [2017-06-28 19:53:51.844574928] [1:11 base encode] [1ba02cfd] [] []
type: TEXT
payload: <BYTE ARRAY LEN=19>

[23] [2017-06-28 19:53:52.345241069] [1:11 base encode] [1ba02cfd] [] []
type: TEXT
payload: <BYTE ARRAY LEN=19>

[23] [2017-06-28 19:53:52.845875978] [1:11 base encode] [1ba02cfd] [] []
type: TEXT
payload: <BYTE ARRAY LEN=19>

Bring the background process to the foreground.

$ fg

Kill the sratunnel process by pressing Control-C.

srartunnel Tutorial: Saving a stream of nmsg’s from sratunnel with nmsgtool

An example using sratunnel as a background process to stream nmsg messages from SIE Channel 255 (SIE Heartbeat Channel) to the loopback interface on port 8000; using nmsgtool to connect to the loopback interface and saving the output to a rotating set of files using the nmsgtool kicker function.

Invoke sratunnel with the following arguments:

$ sratunnel -s 'ssh:sra-service@axa-sie.domaintools.com' -c 255
    -w ch=255 -o nmsg:udp:127.0.0.1,8000 &

Invoke nmsgtool to connect to the loopback interface on port 8000, save nmsg files to disk every sixty seconds as a background process.

$ nmsgtool -l 127.0.0.1/8000 -t 60 -k '/bin/true' -w ch255 &

List the saved files using ls.

$ ls -l
total 16
-rw-r--r-- 1 demo demo 5518 Jun 28 16:03
    ch255.20170628.2002.1498698127.548592412.nmsg
-rw-r--r-- 1 demo demo 6436 Jun 28 16:04
    ch255.20170628.2003.1498698180.574404303.nmsg

Read one of the files using nmsgtool and outputting the results to the terminal in JSON:

$ nmsgtool -r ch255.20170628.2003.1498698180.574404303.nmsg -J -
{"time":"2017-06-28 20:03:02.061745882","vname":"base",
    "mname":"encode","source":"1ba02cfd",
    "message":{"type":"TEXT","payload":"IkZTSSBTSUUgaGVhcnRiZWF0Ig=="}}
{"time":"2017-06-28 20:03:02.562045097","vname":"base",
"mname":"encode","source":"1ba02cfd",
"message":{"type":"TEXT","payload":"IkZTSSBTSUUgaGVhcnRiZWF0Ig=="}}
{"time":"2017-06-28 20:03:03.062705039","vname":"base",
"mname":"encode","source":"1ba02cfd",
"message":{"type":"TEXT","payload":"IkZTSSBTSUUgaGVhcnRiZWF0Ig=="}}

Bring the nmsgtool background process to the foreground.

$ fg

Kill the nmsgtool process by pressing Control-C.
Bring the sratunnel background process to the foreground.

$ fg

Kill the sratunnel process by pressing Control-C.

sratool Tutorial: Stream SIE traffic

sratool is a test/debug/instructional command-line tool used to connect to an SRA server, set watches, enable SIE channels, and stream data.

This example uses sratool to emit five messages seen on SIE Channel 255 (SIE Heartbeat Channel):

$ sratool
sra> connect ssh:sra-service@axa-sie.domaintools.com: connect to an
    SRA server using the SSH transport. SSH used its keyring to prove
    the user's identity, so there was no 'password:' prompt. The
    HELLO response from the remote end displays its version number
    and the protocol level.
sra> count 5: instruct the sratool client to stop after five
    messages are output.
sra> channel 255 on: instruct the remote end to listen to SIE
    channel 255 which was OK'd by the server indicating that it is
    provisioned for this channel according to the authentication and
    authorization level.
sra> 1 watch ch=255: watch all content on channel 255 (with no
    rate limiting or filtering).

Accounting Messages

By default, sratool will return AXA accounting messages containing current counter statistics relevant to the current session. For more details on these packet counts, see the Accounting section below

Rate Limiting

Rate limiting is used to limit the rate of incoming AXA messages transmitted from the server to the client. While it works for both SRA, it is primarily useful for high bitrate SIE channels such as the DNS Errors channels.

Rate Limiting Examples

The end-user wishes to watch for all SIE messages on channel 204 (a channel with an average bandwidth of 21Mbps) but only wishes to receive (at most) 10 messages per second.

sratool

With sratool, the end-user has the option to receive rate limit loss reports. The example below specifies a rate limit value of 10 and a 5 second interval between server rate limit reports:

$ sratool
sra> connect ...
sra> rate 10 5
* OPTION RATE LIMIT
    10 per second; current value=0
    5 seconds between reports
sra> 1 watch ch=211
sra> channel 211 on
...
* MISSED
    missed 0 input packets, dropped 0 for congestion,
    dropped 57911 for rate limit, filtered 72417
    since 2016/10/11 14:25:32

sratunnel

With sratunnel, rate limiting is specified as a simple command line option:

$ sratunnel -r 10 -w ch=211 -s ... -o ... -c 211

Sampling

Sampling is a way to statistically sample a percentage of messages from the server. For example, if a value of 50 is chosen, AXA will return a uniformly distributed random sample of 50% of the messages caught by watches. Enabling sampling with any of the tools is quite straightforward.

sratool

$ sratool
sra> connect ...
sra> sample 50
* OPTION sample 50.00%
...

sratunnel

$ sratunnel -m 50 -s ...

TCP Buffer Sizing

AXA allows the end-user to get or set the TCP send buffer size used by the server. These buffers serve to accumulate outgoing data that the network stack has not yet been able to put on the wire and data that has been received from the wire but not yet read by applications. In simpler terms, if you know what you’re doing, these options allow the end-user to adjust the size of the in-kernel TCP buffers to optimize network performance. As an aside, these options do not directly adjust the TCP window size (see TCP Windows and Window Scaling for more information).

Note that internally, TCP actually allocates twice the size of the buffer requested (using the extra space for internal purposes. This is why AXA returns a buffer size that is twice the size requested. The minimum size is 1024 and the maximum is 262142. Only sratool support this option for TCP-based connections.

sratool

With sratool, getting and setting the window size is easy:

$ sratool
sra> connect ...
sra> window
* OPTION bufsize=262142
sra> window 8192
* OPTION bufsize=16384

Accounting

AXA has a series of server-side packet counters used to track traffic totals. This is the mechanism by which AXA tracks, logs, and communicates server-side packet information. This information is intended for users of SIE Remote Access (SRA).

What is Accounting?

Accounting is AXA’s way of keeping track of traffic totals. Server-side, AXA maintains a series of per-client packet counters (a full list is below). The AXA protocol message AXA_P_OP_ACCT sent from client to server is used to query this data. The feature is available from sratool via the acct command. It is also available from sratunnel via the -A command line option. Accounting messages are also logged server-side.

Accounting Glossary

The AXA accounting counters are described below.

total-congested: Packets that were unable to be forwarded to the client due to connection issues, although it could also be client load (i.e., the connection isn’t removing data from the server fast enough, or the client isn’t reading and processing the data fast enough). Note that: high server load might increase total-missed, but it would generally decrease total-congested by throttling the input to the congested pipe / process.
total-filtered: This is an SRA input counter. It measures packets/nmsgs that have been read on the input side (usually directly from the SIE network) and will be submitted to the filtering logic (i.e.: an AXA watch).
total-missed: This is an SRA loss counter. It measures packets that the SRA server failed to receive on the input side either because the daemon was too busy or because they were lost during transit. This counter tracks NMSG and pcap-based loss.
total-ratelimited: This measures packets that were dropped instead of being forwarded to the SRA client to comply with the rate limits specified for the client.
total-sent: This measures packets that have been sent to an SRA client.

Accounting with sratool

Let’s have a look at a common sratool-based example. Here sratool is used to connect to an SRA server and a “firehose” watch is set for our popular DNS Changes channel.

$ sratool
sra> ch 214 on ; 1 wa ch=214
[watch hits omitted]

This is left to run for approximately three minutes of wall clock time. Next, the output is paused and the accounting command is run.

sra> pause
* OK PAUSE output paused
sra> acct
* OK ACCOUNTING total-filtered=66360 total-missed=0 total-collected=0 total-sent=64912
    total-ratelimited=0 total-congested=0

We see that 66,360 nmsg payloads were read from the SIE channel. For the watch set, this is a good approximation of the overall packet rate. Channel 214 has an average payload rate of approximately 340 payloads per second, and over this very small three minute window we observed ~369 packets/s.
There were no missed packets. We expect there to be no packet loss on the SIE input side. If there were for such a low bandwidth channel, this would be indicative of server-side network fault or server overload.
We see that 64,912 packets were sent from the SRA server to our sratool client. This is good and what we expected.
Because there was no congestion or rate limiting, you may wonder why the number of sent packets is lower than the number of filtered packets. This is because when we stopped sending packets to the client, we didn’t stop the server from filtering them. SRA was still reading from the input channel but wasn’t forwarding any packets.

Accounting with sratunnel

Let’s have a look at another example, this time using sratunnel. Using the timeout utility, sratunnel is run for three minutes. It connects to the same SRA server and sets a firehose watch for the DNS Errors channel. Finally, the -A 180 -d option string instructs sratunnel to emit accounting statistics every 180 seconds, with the results are written to a file.

$ timeout 180 sratunnel -s tls:userm@sra-server,1021 -w "ch=220" -c 220 -A 180 -d
    -o nmsg:file:test-220.nmsg
connecting to tls:userm@sra-server,1021
ACCOUNTING total-filtered=4183437 total-missed=44 total-collected=0 total-sent=84371
    total-ratelimited=0 total-congested=4096266

This time, 4,183,437 packets were read from the SIE channel. Calculating as above, we find that this equates to approximately 23,241 payloads per second which is commensurate to channel 220’s higher average per second rate of ~24,000 payloads (it is sourced from our Passive DNS feed which has a per second payload rate of ~120,000).
44 packets were missed on the input side. This is a .001% rate of loss and well within acceptable limits.
Only 84,371 packets were sent to the client. To understand why, we look at the congestion number.
4,096,266 packets were lost due to congestion. In this case, this high number is likely due to the fact that the client is located on the other side of the country from the SIE data center where the SRA server is located. Additionally, the client’s downstream Internet connection is just plain too slow to keep up with the high rate of channel 220.

AXA Requirements

Operating System

Linux, FreeBSD or other POSIX compliant operating systems.

Hardware

The minimum hardware requirements to get started with tools in the Advanced Exchange Access Toolkit are listed below. Depending on the amount of data being processed, the resources may need to be increased accordingly.

1 CPU
1 GB Memory
1 GB Disk

Network

Tools in the Advanced Exchange Access Toolkit require permitted outbound to axa-sie.domaintools.com and over TCP using port 22.

Service Entitlement

Subscribers must have purchased a SIE service entitlement from Farsight Security and have been provisioned access using a SSH key.

Installing Advanced Exchange Access Toolkit (axa-tools)

Debian

These instructions use Debian packages created, maintained and hosted by Farsight Security.

Download the Farsight Apt signing key.

$ sudo wget -O /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-farsightsec.gpg
    https://dl.farsightsecurity.com/debian/archive.pubkey

Add the Farsight Debian repository.

$ echo "deb http://dl.farsightsecurity.com/debian bullseye-farsightsec main"
    | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian-farsightsec.list

Resynchronize the package index files.

$ sudo apt update

Install the Advanced Exchange Access Toolkit (axa-tools).

$ sudo apt install axa-tools

Build from Source

See the section titled Building manually in the README file found on the GitHub repository for the Farsight Advanced Exchange Access Toolkit

Configuring Advanced Exchange Access with SSH

At the time of provisioning you would have been asked to generate a SSH key pair used for authentication. The following steps will reference this key, make sure you reference the correct directory path when configuring the key.

$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C farsight_security -f ~/.ssh/farsight_security

Create or edit the SSH config file with the following:

$ vim ~/.ssh/config

Add the following:

Host axa-sie.domaintools.com
  IdentityFile ~/.ssh/farsight_security

Installing nmsgtool

If you have not already installed nmsgtool, install it via apt:

$ sudo apt install nmsgtool nmsg-msg-module-sie

Additional Information

The post The AXA User Guide appeared first on DomainTools | Start Here. Know Now..

]]>

Học Tiếng Anh online miễn phí https://hoctienganh.info Học Tiếng Anh trực tuyến miễn phí Fri, 21 Apr 2023 16:57:36 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.2 “Abortion on demand” nghĩa là gì? https://hoctienganh.info/abortion-on-demand-nghia-la-gi/ https://hoctienganh.info/abortion-on-demand-nghia-la-gi/#respond Fri, 21 Apr 2023 16:57:36 +0000 https://hoctienganh.info/?p=10916 “Abortion on demand” là một thuật ngữ trong lĩnh vực chính trị và y tế để miêu tả quyền của người phụ nữ được yêu cầu được phép quyết định tự do về việc tiến hành phá thai. Thuật ngữ này ám chỉ đến việc cho phép phá thai một cách tự nguyện và không …

The post “Abortion on demand” nghĩa là gì? appeared first on Học Tiếng Anh online miễn phí.

]]> “Abortion on demand” là một thuật ngữ trong lĩnh vực chính trị và y tế để miêu tả quyền của người phụ nữ được yêu cầu được phép quyết định tự do về việc tiến hành phá thai. Thuật ngữ này ám chỉ đến việc cho phép phá thai một cách tự nguyện và không bị hạn chế theo bất kỳ lý do nào, bao gồm cả lý do sức khỏe, kinh tế, xã hội hay tâm lý. Thuật ngữ này thường được sử dụng trong các tranh luận về chính sách y tế và quyền phụ nữ.

Xem thêm: "Acquired immunity" nghĩa là gì?

Ví dụ với cụm từ “Abortion on demand” tiếng anh kèm nghĩa tiếng việt

Some countries have legalized abortion on demand, while others only allow it under certain circumstances. (Một số quốc gia đã hợp pháp hóa phá thai theo yêu cầu, trong khi những quốc gia khác chỉ cho phép phá thai trong những tình huống cụ thể.)
Women’s rights groups are advocating for abortion on demand as a basic reproductive right. (Các nhóm quyền phụ nữ đang thúc đẩy quyền phá thai theo yêu cầu như một quyền sinh sản cơ bản.)
Some politicians argue that abortion on demand is a form of birth control and should be restricted. (Một số chính trị gia cho rằng phá thai theo yêu cầu là một hình thức kiểm soát sinh sản và nên bị hạn chế.)
Abortion on demand can be a controversial issue due to differing opinions on the value of human life. (Phá thai theo yêu cầu có thể là một vấn đề gây tranh cãi do ý kiến khác nhau về giá trị của sự sống con người.)
The right to abortion on demand is protected by law in some countries, but not in others. (Quyền phá thai theo yêu cầu được bảo vệ bởi pháp luật ở một số quốc gia, nhưng không phải ở những nơi khác.)
Critics of abortion on demand argue that it devalues the sanctity of life. (Những người phản đối phá thai theo yêu cầu cho rằng nó làm giá trị của sự sống trở nên ít quan trọng.)
The availability of abortion on demand can vary depending on the political climate and social attitudes towards women’s rights. (Sự có sẵn của phá thai theo yêu cầu có thể thay đổi tùy thuộc vào tình hình chính trị và thái độ xã hội về quyền phụ nữ.)
In some countries, abortion on demand is only allowed during the early stages of pregnancy. (Ở một số quốc gia, phá thai theo yêu cầu chỉ được phép trong giai đoạn đầu của thai kỳ.)
The debate over abortion on demand highlights the tension between individual rights and societal values. (Cuộc tranh luận về phá thai theo yêu cầu nhấn mạnh sự căng thẳng giữa quyền cá nhân và giá trị xã hội.)
The issue of abortion on demand is complex and multifaceted, with ethical, legal, and medical considerations to be taken into account. (Vấn đề phá thai theo yêu cầu là phức tạp và đa chiều, với các yếu tố đạo đức, pháp lý và y tế cần được xem xét.)

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]]> https://hoctienganh.info/abortion-on-demand-nghia-la-gi/feed/ 0 “Acquired immunity” nghĩa là gì? https://hoctienganh.info/acquired-immunity-nghia-la-gi/ https://hoctienganh.info/acquired-immunity-nghia-la-gi/#respond Fri, 21 Apr 2023 16:47:04 +0000 https://hoctienganh.info/?p=10912 “Acquired immunity” là khả năng của cơ thể để chống lại bệnh lý bằng cách sản xuất kháng thể hoặc tế bào bạch cầu đáp ứng với một chất lạ (nguyên tố nhập từ bên ngoài như vi khuẩn, virus, vi sinh vật,..) sau khi đã tiếp xúc với nó. Điều này có nghĩa là …

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“Acquired immunity” là khả năng của cơ thể để chống lại bệnh lý bằng cách sản xuất kháng thể hoặc tế bào bạch cầu đáp ứng với một chất lạ (nguyên tố nhập từ bên ngoài như vi khuẩn, virus, vi sinh vật,..) sau khi đã tiếp xúc với nó. Điều này có nghĩa là cơ thể đã trải qua một sự tiếp xúc trước đó với chất gây bệnh và đã học được cách chống lại nó.

Xem thêm: "A black eye" nghĩa là gì?

Sự đạt được miễn dịch là một quá trình phát triển dần dần, thường là do tiếp xúc với các chất gây bệnh hoặc sau khi tiêm vắc xin để tạo ra kháng thể. Khi cơ thể đã có khả năng chống lại bệnh lý này, nó sẽ không bị lây nhiễm lại hoặc ít nhất là bị lây nhiễm nhẹ hơn, và thời gian hồi phục cũng sẽ ngắn hơn.

Ví dụ: Sau khi bị lây nhiễm COVID-19, cơ thể của bạn sẽ phát triển khả năng miễn dịch đối với virus này, và có thể sẽ không bị nhiễm lại nếu tiếp xúc với virus trong tương lai.

Dưới đây là 10 ví dụ về cụm từ “Acquired immunity” kèm theo nghĩa tiếng Việt:

Vaccinations help to develop acquired immunity against diseases like polio and measles. (Việc tiêm vắc xin giúp phát triển miễn dịch đối với các bệnh như bại liệt và sởi.)
People who have recovered from COVID-19 may have acquired immunity to the virus. (Những người đã hồi phục từ COVID-19 có thể đã phát triển miễn dịch đối với virus này.)
Breastfeeding provides infants with acquired immunity to certain infections. (Việc cho con bú cung cấp khả năng miễn dịch đối với một số loại nhiễm trùng cho trẻ sơ sinh.)
Patients who undergo bone marrow transplants may experience a temporary loss of acquired immunity. (Bệnh nhân trải qua ghép tủy xương có thể gặp tình trạng mất miễn dịch tạm thời.)
The immune system‘s ability to develop acquired immunity is essential to preventing the spread of infectious diseases. (Khả năng của hệ thống miễn dịch để phát triển miễn dịch đối với bệnh truyền nhiễm là cần thiết để ngăn chặn sự lây lan của chúng.)
Exposure to small amounts of allergens over time can lead to acquired immunity to those allergens. (Tiếp xúc với một lượng nhỏ các chất gây dị ứng theo thời gian có thể dẫn đến miễn dịch đối với các chất gây dị ứng đó.)
The body’s acquired immunity to a particular disease can wane over time, requiring booster shots to maintain effective protection. (Miễn dịch của cơ thể đối với một bệnh cụ thể có thể suy giảm theo thời gian, đòi hỏi tiêm phòng bổ sung để duy trì sự bảo vệ hiệu quả.)
Acquired immunity to the flu virus can reduce the severity and duration of symptoms if a person is infected with a similar strain in the future. (Miễn dịch đối với virus cúm có thể giảm tối đa độ nghiêm trọng và thời gian khôi phục nếu một người nhiễm một chủng tương tự trong tương lai.)
Individuals who have weakened immune systems may have difficulty developing acquired immunity to certain diseases. (Các cá nhân có hệ thống miễn dịch yếu có thể gặp khó khăn trong việc phát triển miễn dịch đối với một số bệnh.)
Acquired immunity is one of the key components of herd immunity, which occurs when a large percentage of a population become immune to a disease. (Miễn dịch đối với bệnh là một trong những thành phần quan trọng của miễn dịch cộng đồng, xảy ra khi một tỷ lệ lớn của dân số trở nên miễn dịch với một bệnh.)

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]]> https://hoctienganh.info/acquired-immunity-nghia-la-gi/feed/ 0 “A black eye” nghĩa là gì? https://hoctienganh.info/a-black-eye-nghia-la-gi/ https://hoctienganh.info/a-black-eye-nghia-la-gi/#respond Fri, 21 Apr 2023 16:37:29 +0000 https://hoctienganh.info/?p=10908 “A black eye” là một cụm từ tiếng Anh, miêu tả một vết thâm tím xung quanh mắt, thường xảy ra do bị đánh hoặc va chạm vào khu vực xung quanh mắt. Nó có thể do một số nguyên nhân, bao gồm tai nạn, va chạm, hoặc thường xuyên bị đánh đập. Ngoài ra, …

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“A black eye” là một cụm từ tiếng Anh, miêu tả một vết thâm tím xung quanh mắt, thường xảy ra do bị đánh hoặc va chạm vào khu vực xung quanh mắt. Nó có thể do một số nguyên nhân, bao gồm tai nạn, va chạm, hoặc thường xuyên bị đánh đập.

Ngoài ra, “a black eye” cũng có thể dùng để miêu tả một sự kiện hoặc tình huống làm tổn thương danh tiếng hoặc uy tín của một người, tương tự như một vết thâm tím xung quanh mắt khiến cho khuôn mặt trông không đẹp.

Ví dụ: “He got a black eye from a fight at the bar” (Anh ấy bị thâm tím mắt sau một cuộc đánh nhau ở quán bar).

Ví dụ khác: “The company’s reputation took a black eye after the scandal” (Uy tín của công ty bị tổn thương sau vụ bê bối)

Xem thêm: "A tough spot" nghĩa là gì?

Dưới đây là 10 ví dụ về cụm từ “A black eye” kèm theo nghĩa tiếng Việt:

He got a black eye from a boxing match. (Anh ta bị thâm tím mắt sau một trận đấu quyền anh.)
The politician’s reputation took a black eye after it was discovered he had lied to the public. (Uy tín của chính trị gia bị tổn thương sau khi phát hiện ra rằng ông ta đã nói dối với công chúng.)
The company received a black eye when its faulty product caused injuries to several customers. (Công ty bị tổn thương khi sản phẩm lỗi của nó gây ra thương tích cho một số khách hàng.)
She had a black eye after falling down the stairs. (Cô ấy bị thâm tím mắt sau khi ngã xuống cầu thang.)
The team’s reputation took a black eye after several players were caught using steroids. (Uy tín của đội bóng bị tổn thương sau khi nhiều cầu thủ bị bắt dùng steroid.)
The restaurant got a black eye after a customer found a cockroach in their food. (Nhà hàng bị tổn thương sau khi một khách hàng phát hiện một con gián trong thức ăn của họ.)
The city’s image took a black eye after a series of violent crimes occurred in the downtown area. (Hình ảnh của thành phố bị tổn thương sau khi một loạt tội ác bạo lực xảy ra ở khu trung tâm.)
The athlete had a black eye after being hit in the face with a ball during a game. (Vận động viên bị thâm tím mắt sau khi bị bóng đập vào mặt trong một trận đấu.)
The school’s reputation took a black eye after a student was found to be selling drugs on campus. (Uy tín của trường bị tổn thương sau khi một học sinh bị phát hiện bán ma túy trên khuôn viên trường.)
The country’s tourism industry received a black eye after a series of terrorist attacks occurred in popular tourist destinations. (Ngành du lịch của đất nước bị tổn thương sau khi một loạt vụ tấn công khủng bố xảy ra tại những điểm đến du lịch nổi tiếng.)

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]]> https://hoctienganh.info/a-black-eye-nghia-la-gi/feed/ 0 “A tough spot” nghĩa là gì? https://hoctienganh.info/a-tough-spot-nghia-la-gi/ https://hoctienganh.info/a-tough-spot-nghia-la-gi/#respond Fri, 21 Apr 2023 16:31:26 +0000 https://hoctienganh.info/?p=10903 “A tough spot” là một thành ngữ tiếng Anh, có nghĩa là một tình huống khó khăn, phức tạp và khó giải quyết. Nó thường được sử dụng để miêu tả một tình huống mà người đó đang đối mặt với nhiều áp lực và rủi ro, và khó có thể tìm ra giải pháp …

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“A tough spot” là một thành ngữ tiếng Anh, có nghĩa là một tình huống khó khăn, phức tạp và khó giải quyết. Nó thường được sử dụng để miêu tả một tình huống mà người đó đang đối mặt với nhiều áp lực và rủi ro, và khó có thể tìm ra giải pháp thích hợp.

Xem thêm: "Loose cannon" nghĩa là gì?

Ví dụ: “I’m in a tough spot right now because I have two job offers, but both require me to move to a different state, and I can’t decide which one to choose.” (Tôi đang đối mặt với một tình huống khó khăn vì tôi có hai lời đề nghị việc làm, nhưng cả hai đều yêu cầu tôi phải chuyển đến một tiểu bang khác, và tôi không thể quyết định chọn cái nào.

Dưới đây là 10 ví dụ với cụm từ “A tough spot” kèm theo nghĩa tiếng Việt:

She’s in a tough spot because she lost her job and can’t afford to pay her rent. (Cô ấy đang đối mặt với một tình huống khó khăn vì cô ấy đã mất việc làm và không đủ tiền để trả tiền thuê nhà.)
The company is in a tough spot financially and may need to lay off some employees. (Công ty đang gặp khó khăn về tài chính và có thể cần sa thải một số nhân viên.)
The politician found himself in a tough spot when he was caught lying to the public. (Chính trị gia đang đối mặt với một tình huống khó khăn khi bị phát hiện nói dối với công chúng.)
I’m in a tough spot because I promised to attend two events at the same time. (Tôi đang đối mặt với một tình huống khó khăn vì tôi đã hứa sẽ tham dự hai sự kiện cùng một lúc.)
The team was in a tough spot when their star player was injured. (Đội bóng đang đối mặt với một tình huống khó khăn khi ngôi sao của họ bị chấn thương.)
She’s in a tough spot because she needs to finish a project by tomorrow, but she has a family emergency to attend to. (Cô ấy đang đối mặt với một tình huống khó khăn vì cô ấy cần hoàn thành một dự án vào ngày mai, nhưng cô ấy có một khẩn cấp gia đình cần phải giải quyết.)
The business is in a tough spot because of the pandemic and is struggling to stay afloat. (Do đại dịch, doanh nghiệp đang đối mặt với một tình huống khó khăn và đang vật lộn để tồn tại.)
The student was in a tough spot when he realized he forgot to study for the exam. (Học sinh đang đối mặt với một tình huống khó khăn khi nhận ra rằng anh ấy quên học cho bài kiểm tra.)
The athlete was in a tough spot when he was accused of using performance-enhancing drugs. (Vận động viên đang đối mặt với một tình huống khó khăn khi bị buộc tội sử dụng thuốc tăng cường hiệu suất.)
The family is in a tough spot because they have to care for a sick relative while also working full-time jobs. (Gia đình đang đối mặt với một tình huống khó khăn vì họ phải chăm sóc một người thân bị ốm đau trong khi vẫn phải làm việc toàn thời gian.)

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]]> https://hoctienganh.info/a-tough-spot-nghia-la-gi/feed/ 0 “Loose cannon” nghĩa là gì? https://hoctienganh.info/loose-cannon-nghia-la-gi/ https://hoctienganh.info/loose-cannon-nghia-la-gi/#respond Wed, 19 Apr 2023 16:54:23 +0000 https://hoctienganh.info/?p=10899 “Loose cannon” là một thành ngữ tiếng Anh, có nghĩa là một người không thể dựa vào hoặc kiểm soát được, thường là vì họ có xu hướng hành động một cách bất thường, bất chấp quy tắc hoặc tình huống. Từ này thường được sử dụng để chỉ ra một người có thể gây …

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“Loose cannon” là một thành ngữ tiếng Anh, có nghĩa là một người không thể dựa vào hoặc kiểm soát được, thường là vì họ có xu hướng hành động một cách bất thường, bất chấp quy tắc hoặc tình huống. Từ này thường được sử dụng để chỉ ra một người có thể gây hại hoặc gây rắc rối nếu họ được để tự do hành động mà không có sự giám sát hoặc kiểm soát.

Xem thêm: "High noon" nghĩa là gì?

Dưới đây là 10 ví dụ về cách sử dụng cụm từ “Loose cannon”

My boss is a loose cannon. You never know what he’s going to do next. (Sếp tôi là một người không thể kiểm soát được. Bạn không bao giờ biết anh ta sẽ làm gì tiếp theo.)
I don’t trust him. He’s a loose cannon who could cause all sorts of problems. (Tôi không tin tưởng anh ta. Anh ta là một người không thể kiểm soát được và có thể gây ra nhiều vấn đề.)
The new employee is a bit of a loose cannon. We need to keep an eye on him. (Nhân viên mới hơi là một người không thể kiểm soát được. Chúng ta cần để mắt đến anh ta.)
The politician’s loose cannon behavior cost him the election. (Hành vi không thể kiểm soát được của chính trị gia đã khiến anh ta thất bại trong cuộc bầu cử.)
That athlete is a loose cannon on and off the field. (Vận động viên đó là một người không thể kiểm soát được trên và ngoài sân cỏ.)
The actor’s loose cannon antics have landed him in trouble with the law. (Hành động không thể kiểm soát được của diễn viên đã khiến anh ta gặp rắc rối với pháp luật.)
The coach benched the player for being a loose cannon and not following team rules. (Huấn luyện viên đã đuổi khỏi sân của cầu thủ vì anh ta không thể kiểm soát được và không tuân thủ quy tắc của đội.)
The company fired the employee for being a loose cannon and causing too much trouble. (Công ty đã sa thải nhân viên vì anh ta không thể kiểm soát được và gây ra quá nhiều vấn đề.)
The teacher had to ask the student to leave the class because he was a loose cannon and disrupting the lesson. (Giáo viên đã phải yêu cầu học sinh rời lớp vì anh ta không thể kiểm soát được và làm phiền bài học.)
The journalist’s loose cannon reporting caused a stir and made headlines. (Báo chí không thể kiểm soát được của nhà báo đã gây xôn xao và trở thành tiêu đề báo chí.)

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]]> https://hoctienganh.info/loose-cannon-nghia-la-gi/feed/ 0 “High noon” nghĩa là gì? https://hoctienganh.info/high-noon-nghia-la-gi/ https://hoctienganh.info/high-noon-nghia-la-gi/#respond Tue, 18 Apr 2023 16:22:46 +0000 https://hoctienganh.info/?p=10894 “High noon” là một cụm từ tiếng Anh, được sử dụng để chỉ thời điểm trưa, khi mặt trời ở trên đỉnh cao nhất trên bầu trời. Tuy nhiên, cụm từ này cũng được sử dụng như một thuật ngữ để chỉ một thời điểm quan trọng hoặc quyết định, thường là điểm cao nhất …

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“High noon” là một cụm từ tiếng Anh, được sử dụng để chỉ thời điểm trưa, khi mặt trời ở trên đỉnh cao nhất trên bầu trời. Tuy nhiên, cụm từ này cũng được sử dụng như một thuật ngữ để chỉ một thời điểm quan trọng hoặc quyết định, thường là điểm cao nhất hoặc thời điểm căng thẳng nhất của một sự kiện, một cuộc đấu tranh hoặc một tình huống khẩn cấp. Từ này xuất hiện trong nhiều tác phẩm nghệ thuật như tiểu thuyết, phim ảnh, và nhạc ca khúc.

High noon nghia la gi — High noon nghĩa là gì

Xem thêm: "A close shave" nghĩa là gì?

Ví dụ: The two gunfighters met at high noon to settle their dispute. (Hai tay súng đã gặp nhau vào lúc trưa để giải quyết mâu thuẩn của họ.)

10 ví dụ với cụm từ “High noon” tiếng anh kèm nghĩa tiếng việt

The deadline for this project is approaching, and it feels like we’re at high noon. (Thời hạn cho dự án này đang đến gần, và cảm giác như chúng ta đang ở trạng thái căng thẳng nhất.)
The two presidential candidates will meet for a debate at high noon tomorrow. (Hai ứng cử viên tổng thống sẽ gặp nhau để tranh luận vào lúc trưa ngày mai.)
The final exam is scheduled for high noon next Monday. (Kì thi cuối kỳ được lên lịch vào lúc trưa thứ Hai tuần tới.)
The showdown between the two rival companies is set to take place at high noon. (Cuộc đối đầu giữa hai công ty đối thủ sẽ diễn ra vào lúc trưa.)
The climactic battle in the movie took place at high noon. (Trận chiến căng thẳng trong bộ phim diễn ra vào lúc trưa.)
The bank robbers planned to strike at high noon when the guards would be changing shifts. (Những tên cướp ngân hàng đã lên kế hoạch tấn công vào lúc trưa khi những người bảo vệ đang thay phiên nhau.)
The wedding ceremony will take place at high noon in the garden. (Lễ cưới sẽ diễn ra vào lúc trưa tại vườn.)
The final match of the tournament will be held at high noon at the stadium. (Trận đấu cuối cùng của giải đấu sẽ được tổ chức vào lúc trưa tại sân vận động.)
The duel between the two cowboys was scheduled for high noon. (Cuộc đấu súng giữa hai tay súng đã được lên lịch vào lúc trưa.)
The crucial vote on the new legislation will take place at high noon today. (Cuộc bỏ phiếu quan trọng về dự luật mới sẽ diễn ra vào lúc trưa hôm nay.)

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]]> https://hoctienganh.info/high-noon-nghia-la-gi/feed/ 0 “A close shave” nghĩa là gì? https://hoctienganh.info/a-close-shave-nghia-la-gi/ https://hoctienganh.info/a-close-shave-nghia-la-gi/#respond Tue, 18 Apr 2023 15:13:53 +0000 https://hoctienganh.info/?p=10890 “A close shave” là một cụm từ tiếng Anh, thường được sử dụng để mô tả một tình huống nguy hiểm hoặc kịch tính, khi một người hoặc một tình huống tránh được một sự cố hay tai nạn chỉ với sự may mắn hoặc một khoảng cách rất gần. Cụm từ này thường được …

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“A close shave” là một cụm từ tiếng Anh, thường được sử dụng để mô tả một tình huống nguy hiểm hoặc kịch tính, khi một người hoặc một tình huống tránh được một sự cố hay tai nạn chỉ với sự may mắn hoặc một khoảng cách rất gần. Cụm từ này thường được sử dụng để miêu tả những tình huống gây căng thẳng và đe dọa, nhưng cuối cùng vẫn kết thúc tốt đẹp. Cụ thể, “a close shave” có thể ám chỉ một việc làm đầy rủi ro, nhưng cuối cùng vẫn thành công hoặc một tình huống khiến người ta suýt chút nữa đã bị tai nạn, nhưng may mắn đã tránh được. Ví dụ: “I had a close shave this morning when my car almost hit a deer on the road.” (Tôi đã trải qua một tình huống nguy hiểm sáng nay khi chiếc xe của tôi suýt tông vào một con nai trên đường.)

Xem thêm: "A mixed picture" nghĩa là gì?

Ví dụ với cụm từ “A close shave” tiếng Anh kèm nghĩa tiếng Việt

I had a close shave when I almost missed my flight. (Tôi đã trải qua một tình huống nguy hiểm khi tôi suýt không kịp lên chuyến bay.)
That was a close shave when the car in front of us suddenly stopped. (Đó là một tình huống nguy hiểm khi chiếc xe phía trước đột ngột dừng lại.)
She had a close shave while skiing down the slope and almost hit a tree. (Cô đã trải qua một tình huống nguy hiểm khi trượt tuyết trên dốc và suýt đâm vào một cái cây.)
He had a close shave with the law when he was caught speeding. (Anh ta đã trải qua một tình huống nguy hiểm với pháp luật khi bị bắt vì lái xe quá tốc độ.)
We had a close shave during the storm when a tree fell down in front of our car. (Chúng tôi đã trải qua một tình huống nguy hiểm trong cơn bão khi một cái cây đổ xuống trước chiếc xe của chúng tôi.)
The climber had a close shave when he slipped and almost fell off the cliff. (Người leo núi đã trải qua một tình huống nguy hiểm khi trượt chân và suýt rơi xuống vực.)
The swimmer had a close shave when he was nearly attacked by a shark. (Vận động viên bơi lội đã trải qua một tình huống nguy hiểm khi gần bị tấn công bởi một con cá mập.)
The hiker had a close shave when he got lost in the woods and almost ran out of food. (Người đi bộ đường dài đã trải qua một tình huống nguy hiểm khi lạc trong rừng và suýt hết thức ăn.)
The firefighter had a close shave when a burning beam fell just inches away from him. (Lính cứu hỏa đã trải qua một tình huống nguy hiểm khi một thanh sắt đang cháy rụi rơi xuống chỉ cách anh ta vài inch.)
The athlete had a close shave when he almost missed the finish line. (Vận động viên đã trải qua một tình huống nguy hiểm khi anh ta suýt không kịp vượt qua vạch đích.)

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]]> https://hoctienganh.info/a-close-shave-nghia-la-gi/feed/ 0 “A mixed picture” nghĩa là gì? https://hoctienganh.info/a-mixed-picture-nghia-la-gi/ https://hoctienganh.info/a-mixed-picture-nghia-la-gi/#respond Tue, 18 Apr 2023 15:06:14 +0000 https://hoctienganh.info/?p=10887 “A mixed picture” là một cụm từ thường được sử dụng để mô tả tình hình hoặc kết quả không hoàn toàn tích cực hoặc tiêu cực mà có sự pha trộn của cả hai. Nó có thể ám chỉ rằng có những phần của tình hình đó tốt đẹp và những phần khác lại …

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“A mixed picture” là một cụm từ thường được sử dụng để mô tả tình hình hoặc kết quả không hoàn toàn tích cực hoặc tiêu cực mà có sự pha trộn của cả hai. Nó có thể ám chỉ rằng có những phần của tình hình đó tốt đẹp và những phần khác lại không tốt, hoặc có sự đánh giá trái chiều về tình hình đó từ các góc độ khác nhau. Cụm từ này thường được sử dụng trong các báo cáo, đánh giá, hoặc phân tích về một sự kiện, một vấn đề hoặc một tình huống. Ví dụ: “Tình hình kinh tế của quốc gia hiện tại là một mixed picture, với tăng trưởng GDP đang tăng nhưng mức thất nghiệp vẫn cao.” (Tức là mặc dù tăng trưởng GDP đang có dấu hiệu tích cực, nhưng mức độ thất nghiệp vẫn là một vấn đề đáng lo ngại.)

Xem thêm: "A light-bulb moment" nghĩa là gì?

Ví dụ với cụm từ “A mixed picture” tiếng anh kèm nghĩa tiếng việt

The report on the company’s financial performance presents a mixed picture, with revenue increasing but profits decreasing. (Báo cáo về hiệu suất tài chính của công ty cho thấy một tình hình phức tạp, với doanh thu tăng nhưng lợi nhuận giảm.)
The situation in the Middle East is a mixed picture, with some countries experiencing stability while others continue to face conflict. (Tình hình ở Trung Đông là một hình ảnh phức tạp, với một số quốc gia trải qua sự ổn định trong khi những nước khác vẫn phải đối mặt với xung đột.)
The performance of the new employee was a mixed picture, showing excellent technical skills but poor communication abilities. (Hiệu suất của nhân viên mới là một tình hình phức tạp, cho thấy kỹ năng kỹ thuật tuyệt vời nhưng khả năng giao tiếp kém.)
The review of the movie was a mixed picture, with some critics praising the performances while others criticized the plot. (Đánh giá về bộ phim là một hình ảnh phức tạp, với một số nhà phê bình khen ngợi các diễn viên trong khi những người khác chỉ trích cốt truyện.)
The impact of climate change on wildlife is a mixed picture, with some species thriving in new environments while others facing extinction. (Tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đối với động vật hoang dã là một tình hình phức tạp, với một số loài phát triển tốt trong môi trường mới trong khi những loài khác đang đối mặt với nguy cơ tuyệt chủng.)
The performance of the stock market was a mixed picture, with some sectors experiencing growth while others declining. (Hiệu suất của thị trường chứng khoán là một tình hình phức tạp, với một số ngành đang trải qua sự tăng trưởng trong khi những ngành khác đang giảm giá.)
The report on the education system presents a mixed picture, with some schools performing well while others struggling. (Báo cáo về hệ thống giáo dục trình bày một hình ảnh phức tạp, với một số trường đạt được thành tích tốt trong khi những trường khác đang gặp khó khăn.)
The impact of social media on mental health is a mixed picture, with some studies suggesting negative effects while others indicating positive outcomes. (Tác động của mạng xã hội đến sức khỏe tâm lý là một tình hình phức tạp, với một số nghiên cứu cho thấy tác động tiêu cực trong khi những nghiên cứu khác cho thấy kết quả tích cực.)
The report on the housing market presents a mixed picture, with some regions experiencing high demand while others facing oversupply. (Báo cáo về thị trường nhà ở trình bày một hình ảnh phức tạp, với một số vùng đất đang trải qua nhu cầu cao trong khi những vùng khác đang đối mặt với tình trạng cung quá mức.)
The impact of automation on employment is a mixed picture, with some industries creating new job opportunities while others causing job loss. (Tác động của tự động hóa đến việc làm là một tình hình phức tạp, với một số ngành tạo ra cơ hội việc làm mới trong khi những ngành khác gây ra mất việc làm.)

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]]> https://hoctienganh.info/a-mixed-picture-nghia-la-gi/feed/ 0 “A light-bulb moment” nghĩa là gì? https://hoctienganh.info/a-light-bulb-moment-nghia-la-gi/ https://hoctienganh.info/a-light-bulb-moment-nghia-la-gi/#respond Tue, 18 Apr 2023 14:54:32 +0000 https://hoctienganh.info/?p=10883 “A light-bulb moment” là một cụm từ thành ngữ có nghĩa là khoảnh khắc hiểu ra hoặc giải quyết vấn đề một cách nhanh chóng và bất ngờ. Thường được sử dụng khi một ý tưởng, một giải pháp hoặc một kế hoạch được nảy ra trong đầu của ai đó, giống như việc bật …

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“A light-bulb moment” là một cụm từ thành ngữ có nghĩa là khoảnh khắc hiểu ra hoặc giải quyết vấn đề một cách nhanh chóng và bất ngờ. Thường được sử dụng khi một ý tưởng, một giải pháp hoặc một kế hoạch được nảy ra trong đầu của ai đó, giống như việc bật đèn trong đầu một cách đột ngột, rực sáng và thấm vào suy nghĩ của họ. Cụm từ “a light-bulb moment” thường được sử dụng để miêu tả cảm giác phấn khích và kích thích của người có được sự hiểu biết mới hoặc giải quyết vấn đề khó khăn.

Xem thêm: "A dead duck" nghĩa là gì?

Ví dụ với cụm từ “A light-bulb moment” tiếng Anh kèm nghĩa Tiếng việt

When I realized that I had been spelling my friend’s name wrong all these years, it was a real light-bulb moment. (Khi tôi nhận ra rằng tôi đã viết sai tên của người bạn của tôi suốt những năm qua, đó là một khoảnh khắc hiểu ra thực sự.)
It wasn’t until I saw the diagram that I had a light-bulb moment and finally understood how the machine worked. (Cho đến khi tôi nhìn thấy biểu đồ thì tôi mới có một khoảnh khắc hiểu ra và cuối cùng hiểu được cách máy hoạt động.)
After struggling with the math problem for hours, I had a light-bulb moment and suddenly knew how to solve it. (Sau khi đấu tranh với bài toán toán học trong nhiều giờ, tôi có một khoảnh khắc hiểu ra và đột nhiên biết cách giải quyết nó.)
When I heard the explanation, it was like a light-bulb moment and everything suddenly made sense. (Khi tôi nghe lời giải thích, đó giống như một khoảnh khắc hiểu ra và mọi thứ đột nhiên trở nên dễ hiểu.)
It wasn’t until my daughter explained the joke to me that I had a light-bulb moment and finally got it. (Cho đến khi con gái tôi giải thích cho tôi cái đùa đó thì tôi mới có một khoảnh khắc hiểu ra và cuối cùng hiểu được nó.)
When I realized that I had been holding the pen upside down, it was a light-bulb moment and I suddenly stopped making mistakes. (Khi tôi nhận ra rằng tôi đã cầm cây bút ngược, đó là một khoảnh khắc hiểu ra và tôi đột nhiên không mắc sai lầm nữa.)
After years of struggling with diet and exercise, I had a light-bulb moment and finally found a routine that worked for me. (Sau nhiều năm đấu tranh với chế độ ăn uống và tập luyện, tôi có một khoảnh khắc hiểu ra và cuối cùng tìm ra một lịch trình hoạt động phù hợp với mình.)
When I learned about the benefits of meditation, it was like a light-bulb moment and I suddenly realized how it could help me manage my stress. (Khi tôi tìm hiểu về lợi ích của thiền định, đó giống như một khoảnh khắc hiểu ra và tôi đột nhiên nhận ra nó có thể giúp tôi quản lý căng thẳng.)
It wasn’t until I started practicing mindfulness that I had a light-bulb moment and realized how much time I had been wasting on negative thoughts. (Cho đến khi tôi bắt đầu thực hành chánh niệm thì tôi mới có một khoảnh khắc hiểu ra và nhận ra mình đã lãng phí bao nhiêu thời gian cho những suy nghĩ tiêu cực.)
After struggling with writer’s block for weeks, I had a light-bulb moment and suddenly knew how to finish my novel. (Sau khi đấu tranh với tình trạng chặn tác giả trong vài tuần, tôi có một khoảnh khắc hiểu ra và đột nhiên biết cách hoàn thành tiểu thuyết của mình.)

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]]> https://hoctienganh.info/a-light-bulb-moment-nghia-la-gi/feed/ 0 “A dead duck” nghĩa là gì? https://hoctienganh.info/a-dead-duck-nghia-la-gi/ https://hoctienganh.info/a-dead-duck-nghia-la-gi/#respond Mon, 17 Apr 2023 16:56:26 +0000 https://hoctienganh.info/?p=10879 “A dead duck” là một thành ngữ tiếng Anh có nghĩa là một dự án, kế hoạch hoặc ý tưởng không thành công hoặc không còn hiệu lực. Nó cũng có thể ám chỉ đến một người hoặc vật không còn hữu dụng hoặc không thể được sử dụng nữa. Cụm từ này thường được …

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“A dead duck” là một thành ngữ tiếng Anh có nghĩa là một dự án, kế hoạch hoặc ý tưởng không thành công hoặc không còn hiệu lực. Nó cũng có thể ám chỉ đến một người hoặc vật không còn hữu dụng hoặc không thể được sử dụng nữa. Cụm từ này thường được sử dụng trong các tình huống thương mại hoặc chính trị để chỉ ra rằng một dự án hoặc kế hoạch không còn có triển vọng để thành công

Xem thêm: "A lame duck" nghĩa là gì?

Dưới đây là 10 ví dụ với cụm từ “a dead duck” kèm theo nghĩa tiếng Việt để giúp bạn hiểu rõ hơn:

The new product was a dead duck from the start. (Sản phẩm mới này đáng tiếc không thành công từ đầu.)
The proposed merger between the two companies turned out to be a dead duck. (Kế hoạch sáp nhập giữa hai công ty này không thành công.)
The politician’s campaign was a dead duck after the scandal broke out. (Chiến dịch của chính trị gia này đã thất bại sau khi vụ bê bối được phát hiện.)
The restaurant’s attempt to introduce vegan cuisine was a dead duck. (Nỗ lực của nhà hàng để giới thiệu món ăn chay không thành công.)
The movie was a dead duck at the box office. (Bộ phim này không thành công tại phòng vé.)
The company’s plan to expand to overseas markets was a dead duck due to lack of funds. (Kế hoạch của công ty để mở rộng thị trường nước ngoài không thành công do thiếu vốn.)
The new employee turned out to be a dead duck and was fired after a month. (Nhân viên mới này không đạt được yêu cầu và bị sa thải sau một tháng.)
The charity event was a dead duck as nobody showed up. (Sự kiện từ thiện này thất bại vì không ai tham gia.)
The team’s strategy was a dead duck as the opponents easily figured it out. (Chiến lược của đội bóng này không thành công vì đối thủ dễ dàng tìm ra cách chơi.)
The new law was a dead duck as it was widely unpopular among the public. (Luật mới này không thành công vì nó không được đông đảo công chúng ủng hộ.)

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Word of the Day

declivity
Definition:	A downward slope or bend.
Synonyms:	fall, downslope, declension, declination, decline, descent

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Idiom of the Day

feed (someone) to the wolves

To sacrifice someone to ruin, destruction, or hostility from others, especially for one's own benefit or survival.

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Today's Holiday

Tanzania Union Day

On April 26, 1964, the East African countries of Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Union Day celebrates this merger. In the city of Dar es Salaam, speeches and a parade mark Union Day. Dignitaries from nearby countries join Tanzanian government officials in these festivities. In 2004, to mark Union Day, Tanzanian president Benjamin Mkapa pardoned nearly 4,500 prisoners who had been sentenced for minor crimes or who had less than three years to serve of a longer sentence. More...

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One may be continually abusive without saying any thing just; but one cannot be always laughing at a man without now and then stumbling on something witty.
Jane Austen
(1775-1817)

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Today's topic: tobacco

blend - A combination of different types or grades of fabric, spirits, tea, tobacco, etc. More...

tabac - A color, from the French for tobacco. More...

cud, quid - The etymological base of cud appears to be "glutinous substance"; quid—"piece of tobacco for chewing"—is a variant of cud. More...

petunia - It is related to the tobacco plant, hence its name, from Portuguese petum, "tobacco." More...

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Thứ Sáu, 21 tháng 4, 2023

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Appendix 1 – Perspectives from others on Yeshiva’s legal position and the importance of maintaining its ability to operate consistent with its religious values:

Appendix 2 – Statement by Agudath Israel of America, which filed a brief at the U.S. Supreme Court supporting Yeshiva:

Appendix 3 – Additional detail regarding the decision to delay the start of undergraduate student clubs:

YU Blogs

This Month’s Mocktail: Grapefruit Rosemary Lemonade Sparklers

This Month’s Cocktail: Mai Tai

Why Am I Reacting This Way? – Ian’s Story

Superpower or Disability – Travis’ Story

Benefits of Developing Neurodiverse Employees

Advice for the Neurodiverse

Advice for Managers and Colleagues – including some points from DomainTools’ awesome Neurodivergent Employee Resource Group

What is Neurodivergence?

Neurodivergent Myths Debunked

Neurodiversity in the Workplace

What’s Time Fencing?

Traditional Query Performance WITHOUT Time Fencing

Traditional Query Performance WITH Prior Time Fencing

Timefencing on the “New World” Servers

FAQ

A New Look and Feel

New Features to Find Badness

Visualize Better Threat Intel

Summing Up

Here are a few highlights from each article we discussed:

It’s Pillar Time!

Techniques to find malicious activity based on analysis of DNS resolver logs

Advanced Exchange Access Toolkit

Contents of the Advanced Exchange Access Toolkit

Farsight SIE Remote Access

sratool

sratunnel

libaxa

The AXA Protocol

AXA Limits

AXA Watches

AXA Watch Examples: SRA

sratool

sratunnel

SRA and AXA RESTful Interface

SRA Internals

Channels

Watches

SRA Tutorial: Watch Newly Observed Domains

SRA Tutorial 2: Counts And Limits

sratunnel Tutorial: Newly Observed Domains

sratunnel Tutorial: Create a persistent connection to SIE

Process messages with nsmgtool

Viewing a stream of nmsg’s from sratunnel with nmsgtool

srartunnel Tutorial: Saving a stream of nmsg’s from sratunnel with nmsgtool

sratool Tutorial: Stream SIE traffic

Accounting Messages

Rate Limiting

Rate Limiting Examples

sratool

sratunnel

Sampling

sratool

sratunnel

TCP Buffer Sizing

sratool

Accounting

What is Accounting?

Accounting Glossary